Public relations and advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public relations and advertising - Essay Example The main genre is not to sell products but to provide effective messages or ideas. In such cases the ads look to become as an instrument to stimulate the social awareness in the society (Kolb, 2008). Ads related to social services are much more than simple tokenism. Therefore, such ads should have a sign of professional excellence that motivates people towards action. Many veterans marketing and PR professionals have also emphasized upon the fact that it is very important to make sure that ads have an agreed statement which can generate specific and if possible actions (Wenderoth, 2009). Challenges Just like any other medium of mass communication ads and public relations also have certain negative aspects. In the competitive market the advent of various ad agencies along with the arrival of the billions of products, ideas or services to satisfy the needs of the clients. As a matter of fact this seemed to have become the most important objective of the marketers. Various cases of misl eading and false information in ads have been found (Burgemeister, 2003). However, the issues of the false information can have serious consequences in case of educational and public services. Education is lot more different from other products and services. People would indulge in getting education throughout the life and the risks involved while making consumer behavior is immense. Most of the times, the educational institutions use placement and job assistance as the main USPs to attract the students. But many times it has been seen that the promises made by the educational intuitions through the ad and PR campaigns have not been kept. Many times it has also been found that students have been given wrong information regarding the infrastructure and qualification of the... This "Public relations and advertising" essay outlines the differences between this two mediums of mass communication, their roles and issues. People would indulge in getting education throughout the life and the risks involved while making consumer behavior is immense. Most of the times, the educational institutions use placement and job assistance as the main USPs to attract the students. But many times it has been seen that the promises made by the educational intuitions through the ad and PR campaigns have not been kept. Many times it has also been found that students have been given wrong information regarding the infrastructure and qualification of the faculties of the institutions. Another important factor with regards to misleading information has been the university affiliation. On many occasions it has been found that after passing out of the colleges the students have faced problems during job interviews regarding university affiliation. It has been discussed above that th e modern day educational sector has become very competitive. Due to increased demand various players have entered the market. Hence, in order to attract the students the companies are using ads and public relations. However, in order to get more number of students and generate revenue the ethical aspects of ads in case of educational sectors have come across certain degree of damage (Rao, 2010). The government and various social and media organizations have started to keep a close eye on the ad strategies adopted by the educational institutions.

Electric Cars by Tesla Essay Example for Free

Electric Cars by Tesla Essay Tesla’s total assets is a total USD 361. 6M, with US sales alone of USD 116. 7M. Tesla boasts of two electric car models: The Tesla Roadster and the Tesla S model. As of January 2011, Tesla has taken about 3,500 reservations for the Model S and expects to begin delivering cars to customers in 2012. Tesla currently employs almost 900 full time employees and is aggressively recruiting employees for positions in its headquarters in Palo Alto, California; at its European headquarters in Maidenhead, UK; and at an increasing number of sales facilities throughout North America and Europe. Tesla plans to build the Model S in 2012 in Fremont, California in an assembly plant formerly operated by NUMMI, a now defunct joint venture of Toyota and General Motors. Tesla purchased a stake in the site in May 2010 for US$42 million, and opened the facility in October 2010 as the Tesla Factory. Tesla Roadster [pic][pic] The Tesla Roadster is a screaming-fast, all-electric two-seater sports car built on the frame of the Lotus Elise. Reduce our dependency on oil, and are cheaper to operate Electric cars are convenient: In one trip to the gas station, you can pump 330 kilowatt-hours of energy into a 10-gallon tank. It would take about 9 days to get the same amount of energy from household electric current. Fortunately, it takes hours and not days to recharge an electric car, because its much more efficient. And you never have to leave home to recharge! Electric cars are extremely simple. There’s no oil to change, no filters, no clutch, no fluids, no crazy mechanical systems. This makes the electric car so much cheaper to operate because there’s hardly any maintenance, like oil changes and emissions checks, that internal combustion cars require. Electric car cuts away our dependency on oil as well and frees us from the unpredictable oil price hikes and spikes that are so common these days. For the car savvy drivers, electric motors develop their highest torque from zero rpms—meaning fast (and silent) zero-to-60 acceleration times. This means they snap to life at the touch of the accelerator. It does 0–60 mph in 3. 7 seconds, making electric cars the fastest cars in the world. Electric cars can be direct drive, so there’s no transmission or complex gearbox. Power is applied smoothly and quietly. Acceleration is effortless. B. Historically, EVs have not been widely adopted because of limited driving range before needing to be recharged, long recharging times, and a lack of commitment by automakers to produce and market electric cars that have all the creature comforts of gas-powered cars. The other limitation beside range is cost. Electric cars have historically suffered from extreme lameness, largely because most attempts at building electric cars were aimed at the mid-price or low-end car market. Media blitz will follow the launch using television and print advertisements. Local glamour and sport magazines will be asked to feature the product. Problem with gray markets will not be an issue because the product will speak for itself and will cost more to copy at the state of our technology. Key cities in the Philippines will be targeted after the Manila debut and continuing media hype. Cebu and Bacolod will be good options to consider the expansion. They are both progressive cities with locals having penchant for European cars and sport cars as evidenced by car sales that are comparable to the Manila data.

Gay Marriage is An Attack on Christianity Essay -- Persuasive Essay

On June 26, 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled that the US Constitution guarantees the right for same-sex couples to marry. Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy stated in the majority opinion: "The court now holds that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry. No longer may this liberty be denied to them." Many conservatives are completely against gay marriage and they have stated that they will fight to have the Supreme Court ruling overturned. "I believe marriage is between a man and a woman, and I think we ought to codify that one way or another," President Bush said (Hinojosa). From 2003 until present, gay marriage has been a hot issue. Debates rage on the sanctity of marriage and constitutional equal rights. Though many states have already decided on this issue it has yet to be resolved federally. Is it right to deny rights because of gender? The answer is no. Is it more importantly right to deny them because of moral issues? YES! From a Religious stand point this issue is not even debatable, any god-fearing man or woman would not have to think twice about prohibiting gays to join in union. Patrick Henry once said ?It cannot be emphasized to strongly or to often that this great nation was founded not by religionist, but by Christians; not on religions, but on the gospel of Jesus Christ? (Jennings). To stray from our ideals as a nation and allow such blasphemy to occur on our great nation?s soil would turn our for-fathers in their graves. Where do...

Photography in Flux Essay -- Digital Photography Pictures Technology E

Photography in Flux It is no secret that digital photography is very rapidly finding a niche in modem society, in both the professional realm as well as in the home. The advent of newer, faster, and more embellished technologies have placed the power of photographic production in the hands of the common person. An art form that formerly was left to the charge of few skilled professionals has been forever changed by these technologies. Certainly, this evolution of sorts has its strengths as well as its drawbacks. What advantages does a photographer have with digital technology that he or she might not have with a traditional camera? What are the disadvantages? And what does this technology mean for the future of the photography trade? First, what exactly is the fundamental technological difference between digital photography and conventional film? In Tom Ang's The Art of Digital Photography, he says that "the key difference is the light-sensitive medium used to capture the image" (10). Okay. Well what does that mean? Images in traditional film are created when "silver salts suspended in the emulsion convert the amount of light falling on them into a latent image" (Ang 10). When film is developed, the chemical processes that occur magnify the changes to produce a viewable image. By contrast, digital cameras have an electronic sensor that converts the light falling on it into an electrical charge, which is then processed by electrical circuitry and turned into a code that can be stored, transported, copied, etc. Advantages Essentially, once an image exists in digital form, it can either be tweaked to adjust even its most indiscernible features or it can be entirely morphed into something altogether different. There ... ...exis.com>. Ippolito, Joseph A. Understanding Digital Photography. Clifton Park, NY: Thomas/Delmar Learning, 2003. Meyer, Pedro. "Traditional Photography vs. Digital Photography." ZoneZero: From Analog to Digital March 1, 2001. 14 Sept. 2004 <http://www.zonezero.com/ editorial/marzoO l /march. html>. Potts, Mary Anne. "Q&A: The Pixel Pro." National Geographic Adventure Magazine June/July 2003. 15 Sept. 2004 <http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/ 0306/gn_a.html>. Sand, Michael L. "Metamorphoses: Photography in the Electronic Age." Aperture 136 (1994): 3. Smurthwaite, Nick. "Faking It." Design Week April 1998: 17-19. LexisNexis Academic. Parks Library, Iowa State U. 15 Sept. 2004 <http://www. lexisnexis.com> Ziegler, Katleen and Nick Greco. Digital Focus: The New Media of Photography. Southampton, Pa.: Dimensional Illustrators, 1997.

Brand Reinforcement

STRATEGIC BRAND MANAGEMENT ASSESSMENT Birmingham University Business School Msc Marketing 1205306 TA-CHENG LIU Words: 2992 Question: Brands need to be managed over time. This involves ‘Toscani’sToscani’s’. With reference to academic theory outline how brands have reinforced and revitalized themselves. You should illustrate your points with examples This paper aims to discuss that organizations how to use strategic actions to enhance brand and revitalize brand equity in strong competition. In terms of innovative marketing, amounts of organizations want to be managed as brands in order to generate benefits and profits for organizations. Kapferer, 2008) Indeed, brands are built on past marketing efforts obtained from consumers. As Kapferer (2008) documented, brands could be also seen as assets which produce benefits within long period. However, brands possibly encounter aging and decay in their lifecycle. (Keller, 1999) Furthermore, some brands may be inabilit y to compete in the strongly competitive market, because consumers may change their motivation on this category. In addition, regulations and advanced technology possibly influence brands losing their presence in the target market. Thomas & Kohli, 2009) Therefore, this paper will discuss two brands of cigarette, Mild Seven and Marlboro. They have suffered the difficulties at different moments, hence, both company had experience on brand reinforcement and brand revitalization. According to Thomas & Kohli (2009), brand enhancement aims to maintain the top-of-mind recall with consumers. Marketers actually could redesign marketing mix in order to fortify position. More importantly, brand equity will consist with brand extension. However, brand revitalization attempt to revive aging or decaying brands.When the brands are going to decay, the brand equity will decrease at the same time. Therefore, Wansink (2000) provided 7 steps include reposition and product innovation to rejuvenate brand s. Indeed, Ind (2007) argued that storytelling is another important technique which integrates past experience and future direction of brands. Companies sometimes merely think about reposition, but describing a brand story could benefit companies building stronger relationship with consumers. Overall, companies should prepare long term strategy to sustain the brand life.Moreover, I am convinced that brands need to transfer their communication channel besides traditional mass media. It benefits them extend brand image in consumers mind. According to Kaperer (2012), Brands are assets that could generate benefits to company within long time. Therefore, companies need to ceaselessly manage their brand equity over time in order to avoid lose presence in the industry. Specifically, the standard of brands life could be defined as birth, growth, maturity, decline, and death. During the brand life cycle, companies inevitably encounter dynamics of market.Consequently, their brand equity may g radually suffer the difficulties and be diminished in the future. (Lehu, 2006) Therefore, marketers need consider brand reinforcement and brand revitalization to sustain the brand. Indeed, it is the important responsibility that determine the when the brand should assess reinforcing or revitalizing for brand managers. As Keller documented (1999), brand reinforcement concentrates on avoiding brand aging and decaying. It will benefit companies fortify the brand image and brand awareness by innovating product and service in competitive market.On the other hand, brand revitalization mainly recapturing the brand equity which has been decaying and aging over time. As for maintaining the brand equity in a long period, organizations need to conduct strategy for brand enhancement. The purpose of reinforcing brand is maintaining top-of-mind recall in the competitive industry. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) Literaturely, there are two major considerations of brand reinforcement for marketers: staying at young stage and brand consistency. In order to stay at youthful stage, marketers should create younger brand image to instead chronological age of brand.Specifically, companies could regularly advance their products or services in order to adapt in dynamic environment. (Lehu, 2006) Therefore, Keller (2012) suggested that companies could enhance the product-related performance to raise the value of brands. Moreover, organizations could use either category extension or line extension to strengthen brand awareness. On the other hand, reinforcing non-product-related performance of brands is expected to pursuit emotion and belief to consumers. Furthermore, I consider that excessive updating or extending may result in negative perception of consumers.Actually, they possibly confused on overmuch products from the specific brand. Consequently, it will decrease the favorability of the brand. In addition, maintaining brand consistency is a crucial aspect of reinforcing brand. Because keepi ng loyal consumers is the most important task of the brand. Hence, marketers should protect their elements of brand equity advance. Nevertheless, brand managers could attempt to reformulate elements of brand equity under the consistency concept. I am convinced that it is important to integrate consistency and youthfulness at the same time for brands.Therefore, companies would redesign their marketing mix in order to meet the both objectives of brand enhancement. As for distribution, companies can establish online shop to contact with youngsters in the digital generation. Moreover, they should enhance their service in order to easily contact with consumers. (Lehu, 2006) In terms of communication channel, he asserts that exhibitions are a vital medium which could demonstrate and promote products with consumers. It benefits companies fortify their brand image in consumers’ mind. In addition, event and sponsorship can reach more potential consumers due to widely exposing.Subseque ntly, companies could innovate their merchandising to strengthen the brand image. (Olaito, 2010) More importantly, brand research is most important technique before aforementioned actions. As LePla, Davis & Parker documented (2003), brand research can benefit companies for understanding the need of new generation. Furthermore, brand managers need to monitor changes in consumer perceptions. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) Hence, brand managers can conduct suitable strategies to adapt the trend. In order to apply the theory above in the real world, Mild Seven is an adequate case to interpret brand reinforcement.It is the third most smoked tobacco in the industry. They dominated the domestic market and Asia market for long time because they continually maintaining brand equity. (http://www. jt. com) Moreover, their sales of global market gradually grew at the current moment. (http://global. tobaccofreekids. org) Indeed, the company concentrates on younger smokers due to the increasing need of y ounger smokers. This targeting strategy benefited Mild Seven remain the younger brand image in the industry. Initially, Mild Seven attempt to develop variable products from 10mg of tar to 1 mg of tar of cigarettes.New products were generated with milder taste and lower level of tar to meet consumers’ requirement. (http://www. tobaccoasia. com) It is expected maximize brand equity by line extension. Furthermore, Mild Seven constantly advances new filter technologies to protect its advantages. As for packaging, Mild Seven reformulate some of brand image. The company created a symbolic image to support the brand name. Furthermore they use blue and white motif of appearance for whole products in order to youthfulness. (http://www. thedesignassoc. om) Although Mild Seven changed the part of image, the brand still maintained the consistency in consumers’ mind. Moreover, Mild Seven used the recycled materials on packaging for improving negative image when selling cigarettes. (http://www. thedesignassoc. com) Subsequently, Mild Seven sponsored a team of Formula One in order to expand brand exposure worldwide. It made a significant contribution to the brand awareness. (http://www. auto123. com) Moreover, the symbol of Mild Seven has been impressive in audiences’ mind in the global market. Ultimately, Mild Seven decided to manufacture cigarettes in Switzerland for quality license.Consequently, consumers in Europe have more confidence on its products. This efficiently enhances brand equity for Mild Seven. (http://www. ciggiesworld. com) Conversely, Marlboro is another significant example. It has ever become a decaying brand in 1950s, but they now are the best-selling cigarette brand in the world. (http://www. bukisa. com/) After revitalization, the company attempt to sustain the brand equity in a long period. Marlboro encountered several difficulties few decades ago such as: advertising limit (http://www. marketingweek. co. uk) and healthy concern. M organ, 2007) Therefore, the company decided to continually fortifying their branding equity to against dynamics. Because governments prohibit advertisement of cigarette on majority of mass media in majority of countries, Marlboro cannot promote their characters and products efficiently even though Marlboro Man has already been impressive in consumers’ mind. (http://www. marketingweek. co. uk) Consequently, the company moved into sponsorship which benefited the brand being exposed on mass media. (Hemdev, 2005) Refer to Lehu (2006) mentioned, Marlboro transferred their distribution to night clubs which are admitted promotion for adult. Hemdev, 2005) It benefited the company reach target consumers directly. Simultaneously, Marlboro changed the product name with different color before the FDA limited misleading brand name. (Hemdev, 2005) It may decrease the risk of brand equity because changing brand name suddenly results in making consumers confused. But Marlboro still attempted to remain the brand consistency over time. To maximize brand equity, Marlboro developed an electronically heated cigarette for smokers who concern health issues. Moreover, it will benefit the company expanding brand association into the potential market and improving healthy concern.In addition, Marlboro authorized the brand name for clothing manufacture. (http://www. marlborooriginals. co. za) It benefits them maximizing brand awareness when implementing category extension. The cases indicate that both brands actively implement brand reinforcement in order to fortify their competition in the cigarette industry. However, both companies use similar strategies for strengthening brand equity. It possibly decreases degree of strength and uniqueness of brand associations. Hence, I concur that brands are expected to differentiate promotion because unique brand enhancement could attract consumers’ attention.As for youthfulness, brands should concentrate on Internet medium and socia l media in the digital generation because younger generations spend a lot of time on it. Consequently, brands could reach more potential consumers than before. In addition, there are less limits of advertisement of cigarette than normal mass media. Companies have more opportunities to reinforce their brand equity. On the other hand, some brands have already lost their value from consumers. Therefore, marketers need to rejuvenate the decaying brands in order to revive in the market. Thomas & Kohli, 2012) In addition, some organizations are interested in acquiring aging brands or declining brands and they attempt to reinvent the brands. It may benefit them expanding to different market. (Kaperer, 2012) In terms of revitalization process, Berry (1988) suggested that 7 steps of revitalizing strategy for companies. Initially, it needs to reposition innovative products or services with high quality. This probably gets consumers’ attention again. Secondly, the quality should be conn ected with their heritage and reputation.Thirdly, companies need to improve customer relationship in order to benefit the brands. Moreover, marketers should accelerate visible brand value to consumers. Subsequently, promoting the unique selling point is crucial to differentiate previous products and competitors. Specifically, brand manager should pursue additional value and good quality at competitive price to consumers. Moreover, companies could also provide superior functional benefits which may refresh the brand image. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) In addition, organizations should integrate rejuvenation with marketing mix.More importantly, brands need to hold an event or campaign in order to announce their revitalization. Besides 7 steps, Keller (2012) mentioned that brand manager could identify additional or innovative usage with consumers on brand revitalization; simultaneously, they sometimes identify different direction to utilize a brand. Therefore, reposition becomes a common tec hnique of revitalization, but brand managers have to carefully define a new target market when they decided to reposition the brands. (Thomas & Kohli, 2009) However, there are some risks when companies assess the reposition strategy.Firstly, it is difficult to change brand image for consumers due the stereotype. Secondly, consumers may confuse between the previous image and new brand image. Finally, it possibly loses loyal consumers. (Keller, 2012) In order to rejuvenate brand image, most organizations attempt to modify the visual identity of brand. Indeed, changing the brand name is a frequent revitalization strategy by marketers. It could improve negative image of original brand name with consumers. However, renaming the brand probably decrease the degree of loyalty, brand recall and brand association. Keller, 2012) In addition, Mininni (n. d. ) suggest that revitalization needs to transfer the logo, trademark and trade dress could refresh brand image. But it may require repackagi ng with innovative products to younger generation at the same time. Although modifying either brand name or logo is expected to promote innovative meaning of brand to consumers, companies possibly invent huge amounts of expenditure on interpreting a new identity from an old one. Indeed changing the colors and the fonts is an easier and cheaper action for modifying visual identity and moving toward the fresh image.According to Ind (2007), storytelling is another tool for brand revitalization. Consumers and companies could be engaged in the story which describes brand history. Because brands possibly become aging within long time, consumers gradually have weak association with aging brands. Hence, Storytelling is a crucial medium to awake consumers’ memory of brands. In fact, I am convinced that storytelling could efficiently benefit companies on consumer retention while companies change the elements of brand equity. Additionally, celebrity endorsement is a useful technique for brand revitalization.Because celebrities can provide additional value from celebrities’ image, they can improve brand image and attract consumers’ attention for aging brands. Moreover, celebrity endorsement could extend communication channel of brand such as TV, magazine, activities and film. Consequently, companies attempt to sign a contract with younger and fashionable in order to returning youthfulness. Furthermore, celebrity could easily build association when companies assess repositioning. However, celebrity endorsement sometime has negative impact on brand image when celebrities have negative behaviors or news.More importantly, organizations should carefully choose suitable celebrities who own the public image as same as brand. (Lehu, 2006) The Marlboro Cigarettes is a famous example to understand the revitalization steps in reality. In the early period, Marlboro Cigarettes failed on female market in the United Stated in 1902. They initially introduced the camp aign â€Å"Mild as May† in order to reach lady’s image. Furthermore, they tried to design red tips with cigarettes in order to meet female’s requirement, but it did not benefit the sales of Marlboro. (http://www. bukisa. om/) In addition, the need of cigarette annually increased in the United Stated during the World of War II, whereas, Marlboro gradually was taken off the market due to weak brand awareness. Consequently, Marlboro tried to launch the filtered cigarettes for the female markets. The new products also aimed to against a study linking smoking to lung cancer. (http://voices. yahoo. com) However, the strategy could not benefit the company getting strong presence in the market. It is evidenced that Marlboro failed on brand enhancement even though they worked hard for consumers’ perception. http://www. bukisa. com/) Therefore, Marlboro decided to completely revitalize the brand position. The company changed the target consumer from females to male s with a campaign called â€Å"tattooed man†. The character is expected significantly establishing strong image in consumers’ mind, because the stereotype of man was a worker, a captain, a marine and an adventure in the United Stated in 1900s. Specifically, Marlboro created a cowboy as the Marlboro man in advertisement. (http://adage. com) The companies also use celebrity endorsement as Marlboro Man to strengthen their personality.Since then, the cowboy has become an impressive image for both smokers and non-smokers when they thought about Marlboro. As for product innovation, Marlboro developed a longer and white color of appearance of cigarettes. Compared to competitors, it was a unique feature which appealed high quality of cigarettes to consumers. http://www. bukisa. com/ Simultaneously, Marlboro redesigned the packaging with red, white and black-lettered in order to convey the independent spirit. (Hemdev, 2005) After revitalization, Marlboro turned round in the cig arette market in the USA.Furthermore, the brand became the premium brand and market leader in the world. As a result, the theory of Berry (1988) is convinced to success on brand revitalization. Comparing to Marlboro, Mild Seven did the brand well for long time, but the company plans to revitalize brand due to moving to global market. In order to obtain more market share in the regions besides Asia, Mild Seven decided to create a new brand name, Mevius which instead of Mild Seven. (http://www. jt. com/) In fact, the new name would benefit the company adapting in FDA’s policy of brand name.Although Mevius is a new name, it still remained the meaning of brand. Furthermore, the new name is expected to evaluate to premium position for western consumers. In addition, the packaging strategy keeps the icon and color of origin with new exterior design. (White, 2012) Indeed, Mild Seven integrated brand equity of past and future; this may decrease risk of brand association with consumer s. Both brands attempt to reposition their brand equity for revitalization, but they did not efficiently connect to previous elements.Mild Seven and Marlboro have rich heritage in the industry, they could actually utilize their history conveying a story to consumers. As Ind documented (2007), storytelling can remind the consumers’ perception on brands. Moreover, it benefits brands retaining older consumers. In my opinion, the best technique of brand revitalization will retain the loyal consumers and refresh brand equity at the same time. In conclusion, brand reinforcement and brand revitalization are crucial consideration for brand managers. Both of them have similar strategy in the market, but they are implemented at different moment.Therefore, organizations tend to maintain brand consistency and protect source of brand equity in order to survive in the competitive environment. Although most of scholars assert that brand should consistently evaluate their products and consum ers’ perception, I personally consider that organizations need to innovate their communication channels in the modern society. Because of advanced media, people would obtain information widely; therefore, Strengthen communication benefit brand fortifying brand equity and easily contacting with more potential consumers.On the other hand, companies concentrate on refreshing brand image by brand revitalization; hence, they always reposition the brand to improve negative brand equity. But it is expensive to reposition brands, some brand managers would redesign logo and packaging to rejuvenate brands. It possibly diminish the degree of risk for companies. In fact, I assert that it may be dangerous to rename the brand, which may lose their heritage with consumers. Although Mild Seven was successful on the decision, most consumers can not associate it between the Mevius and Mild Seven.In my opinion, revitalized brand should convey messages in order to make younger generations realiz ing brand heritage and value. It could build stronger relationship with consumers. In addition, Remaining brand history benefit companies retaining loyal consumers. Overall, brand managers should conduct long term strategy before building brands because sustaining brand equity is a profitable contribution to companies. References: A Busy Year for Japan Tobacco (2012) Available from: http://www. tobaccoasia. com/previous-issues/95-articles-q2-12/519-a-busy-year-for-japan-tobacco. tml [Accessed on 3 March 2013]. Berry, N. C. (1988) ‘Revitalizing brands’. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 5 (3): 15-21. Burnet, L. (1999) The Marlboro Man. Available from: http://adage. com [Accessed on 2 March 2013] Hemdev, P. A. (2005) ‘Marlboro-A Mini Case Study’. The Marketing Review, 5, 73-96 Ind, N. (2007) LIVING THE BRAND (3rd edition). London: Kogan Page. Japan Tobacco Inc and Japan Tobacco International (2011) Available from: http://global. tobaccofreekids. org/files/pdfs/e n/Japan_Profile. pdf [Accessed on 9 March 2013] JT â€Å"MILD SEVEN† (n. d. Availavle from: http://www. thedesignassoc. com/en/solutions/branding/br_mildseven. html [Accessed on 3 March 2013]. JT to Expand New Mild Seven Product to Nationwide Sales (2007) Availavle from: http://www. jt. com/investors/media/press_releases/2007/01/20070122_01. html [Accessed on 3 March 2013]. Kapferer, J. N. (2008) THE NEW STRATEGIC BRAND MANAGEMENT (4th edition). London: Kogan Page. Keller, K. L. (1999) ‘Managing brands for the long run: Brand reinforcement and revitalization strategies’ California Management Review, 41 (3): 102-124 Keller, K. L. , Aperia, T. amp; Georgson, M. (2012) Strategic Brand management: A European Perspective (2nd edition). England: Pearson Education Limited Lehu, J. M. (2006) BRAND REJUVENATION: How to protect, strengthen & add value to your brand to prevent it from ageing. London: Kogan Page. LePla, J. , Davis, S. & Parker, L. (2003) BRAND DRIVEN. London : Kogan Page. Marlboro Originals : The Story. Available from: http://www. marlborooriginals. co. za/history. html [Accessed on 10 March 2013] Mild Seven: a long history of motorsport involvement (2005) Available from: http://www. uto123. com/en/racing-news/mild-seven-a-long-history-of-motorsport-involvement? artid=35432 [Accessed on 3 March 2013] Mild Seven evolves to Mevius (2012) Available from: http://www. jt. com/investors/media/press_releases/2012/pdf/20120808_02. pdf [Accessed on 9 March 2013] Minini, T. (n. d. ) Revitalizing, Rejuvenating and Reformulating a Struggling Brand. Available from: http://www. brandchannel. com/papers_review. asp? sp_id=1240 [Accessed on 9 March 2013] Morgan, M. (2007) A History in Marketing of Marlboro Brand Cigarettes. Available from: http://voices. yahoo. om/a-history-marketing-marlboro-brand-cigarettes-204451. html? cat=9 [Accessed on 2 March 2013] Olaito, Y. (2010) Brand building: how brand reinforcement helps Available from: http://yinkaolaito . com/2010/09/brand-building-how-brand-reinforcement-helps/ [Accessed on 2 March 2013] The Magic of Mild Seven (n. d. ) Available from: http://www. ciggiesworld. com/mild-seven/ [Accessed on 3 March 2013]. The History of Marlboro Cigarettes (2009) Available from: http://www. bukisa. com/articles/207783_the-history-of-marlboro-cigarettes [Accessed on 2 March 2013] Tobacco giants still sending smoke signals (2005)

Power of Government vs Individual Rights essays

Power of Government vs Individual Rights essays Alexander Hamilton was a brilliant member of the federal government whose political principles were based on the idea that the greatest threat to political stability was anarchy rather than monarchy. He believed that the government should be left in the hands of a concentrated few, and that those chosen would lead the country into prosperity. He did not think the swinish multitudes capable of governing themselves. On the other hand, Thomas Jefferson was in support of making states rights more powerful than those of the federal government. Each individual, in his opinion, deserved the right to make the decisions that would govern the country in which he lived. He thought the federal government was too far removed from its people so that their voices would not be able to be heard in the decision making process; thus, their needs would go unfulfilled. The Hamiltonian point of view that a strong, centralized form of government should be employed is in accordance with my own beliefs. The power of government should be used to unify the people under its jurisdiction, not stand merely as a lame parent to watch its reckless teenage children make decisions that contradict the good of all the people in his household. In Europe, each country has its own set of laws that govern its people; however, for the good of the continent, the united move to the Eurodollar will stabilize the currencies of those countries having trouble with the fluctuations of its money values and also further ease of trade and transportation. In part, the Civil War was the result of too many decisions made by too many people. Since the country as a whole put off deciding what to do with the ever-present slavery question, each state formed its own policy in dealing with slave trade, runaways, and other such issues. Unrest was the underlying feeling throughout the country and made more prominent other touchy issues, and this lack of unity eventuall ...

Outline of Sioux History essays

Outline of Sioux History essays The Sioux Nation contained about twenty thousand people in seven different tribes throughout the Northern Great plains. The Sioux were originally part of the seven council fires, Oceti Sakowin, which was made up of seven bands: four Dakota, two nakota and one teton or lakota band. The word Sioux originated from the near by Chippewa tribe where they called the Oceti Sakowin Nadoweisiw meaning little snakes. The French later corrupted the term to nadowessioux which the English later shortened to Sioux. The Sioux lived in the head waters of Mississippi, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Around 1750-1775 the Oglala Lakota split off of the main Dakota homeland in Minnesota and moved west to the Black Hills where the Cheyenne along with the Kiowa and Crow lived. By 1794 the Lakota controlled the Black Hills and latter created alliances with some of the tribes. The lakota also set a trend for the rest of the tribes to follow. Around 1851 the US and Native American tribes signed the Fort Laramine treaty which was to guarantee peace between the US and many tribes in the plains area. However, this did not happen. There was constant US involvement which broke many of the treatys promises. Chief Red Cloud, along with the Lakotas and Cheyenne fought the US and maintained ground. This is the only time any Indian leader totally defeated the United States in an extended all out war. The result was the 1868 Laramine treaty, which withdrew military forces from the Black Hills area. This later created the great Sioux reservation in which Sioux could live and hunt on. With constant confusion between where the Lakota could stay and go, they began to go off the reservation. Some of the Lakotas or Siouxs did not go back to the reservation, so on June 25th 1876 Chief Sitting Bull, along with other tribes were taken by surprise by General George Armstrong Custer. Within twenty minutes, Custer along with seven cavalr...