Human Resources Purpose and Role - 803 Words

------------------------------------------------- HUMAN RESOURCES PURPOSE AND ROLE In simple terms, an organization s human resource management strategy should maximize return on investment in the organization s human capital and minimize financial risk. Human Resources seeks to achieve this by aligning the supply of skilled and qualified individuals and the capabilities of the current workforce, with the organization s ongoing and future business plans and requirements to maximise return on investment and secure future survival and success. In ensuring such objectives are achieved, the human resource function purpose in this context is to implement the organisation s human resource requirements effectively but also pragmatically,†¦show more content†¦The duties of financial managers vary with their specific titles, which include controller, treasurer or finance officer, credit manager, cash manager, and risk and insurance manager. Controllers direct the preparation of financial reports that summarize and forecast the organization s financial position, suc h as income statements, balance sheets, and analyses of future earnings or expenses. Controllers also are in charge of preparing special reports required by regulatory authorities. Often, controllers oversee the accounting, audit, and budget departments. Treasurers and finance officers direct the organization s financial goals, objectives, and budgets. They oversee the investment of funds and manage associated risks, supervise cash management activities, execute capital-raising strategies to support a firm s expansion, and deal with mergers and acquisitions. Credit managers oversee the firm s issuance of credit. They establish credit-rating criteria, determine credit ceilings, and monitor the collections of past-due accounts. Managers specializing in international finance develop financial and accounting systems for the banking transactions of multinational organizations. Cash managers monitor and control the flow of cash receipts and disbursements to meet the business and investment needs of the firm. For example, cashflow projectionsShow MoreRelatedThe Effective Management Of Human Resources1338 Words   |  6 Pageseffective management of human resources is essential for business success. In this article, it will talk about the importance of the effective management of human resources. Human resources management is a function that using the limited employees to do the most work and make the business run, which is called HRM or simply HR. A valid work on human resources management will make business successful. The intention of this discussion is to argue about various sources, helpful purposes and functions, theRead MoreRole Of A Human Resource Department984 Words   |  4 PagesRole and Function of a Human Resource Department Human resources (HR) are so much more than the traditional view of an administrative function within the organization. If properly developed and initiated HR can become a strong, strategic business partner. This paper looks at the purpose and role of human resources as a strategic partner as well as its impact on the responsibilities of an HR department. Purpose and Role As businesses evolve and grow so do the purpose and role of an HR departmentRead MoreThe Role Of Human Resource Planning : Selection And Recruitment789 Words   |  4 Pagestime and resources on Human Resource Management (Boselie et al., 2005; Cassell et al., 2002). The role of Human Resources has now become a key integral business function in shaping organisational survival through strategic manpower planning (Peretomode Peretomode, 2001, Cassell et al., 2002, Manzini, 2002). According to Manzini (2002), the role of Human Resource Planning has now evolved into an essential long-term planning function of any business. Certainly, the absence of good human capital resourcingRead MoreProject Mgt- Human Resource Plan1706 Words   |  7 Pages[pic] Project Human Resource Plan Template This Project Human Resource Plan Template is free for you to copy and use on your project and within your organization. We hope that you find this template useful and welcome your comments. Public distribution of this document is only permitted from the Project Management Docs official website at: www.ProjectManagementDocs.com Human Resource Plan Company Name Street Address City, State Zip Code Date Table of Contents Read MoreWhat Is Customer Service Agent? An Hr Manager?1527 Words   |  7 PagesThree methods that you can take as the HR manager to conduct a job analysis of the CSR position and the major pros and cons. Ruminate the task oriented method for delineating crucial areas of job accountabilities and purposes to consummate day-to-day responsibility objectives (Mendoza, n.d., pp. 1-2). The job examination is imperious to guaranteeing high-ranking level supervision in accepting essential procedures for implementing job responsibilities necessary to attaining business ingenuities.Read MoreEssay about Trends and Challenges of Human Resources1526 Words   |  7 PagesChallenges of Human Resources Human resources departments have existed for approximately 100 years. Previously known as personnel departments, organizations departments specializing in the management of people assets have evolved through the years to address many issues. Change in labor laws, introduction and advancement in technology, and the way humankind has evolved has forced many trend changes in human resources management (HRM). In todays organizations, HRM has many functions and roles (BrannenRead MoreGfsgsdf Hshsdfshfd Sdhgw1479 Words   |  6 PagesCAMBRIDGE TECHNICAL CERTIFICATE/DIPLOMA IN IT BUSINESS RESOURCES D/502/5409 LEVEL 3 UNIT 30 GUIDED LEARNING HOURS: 60 UNIT CREDIT VALUE: 10 BUSINESS RESOURCES D/502/5409 LEVEL 3 UNIT 30 PURPOSE OF THE UNIT The unit looks at how a range of resources including human, physical, technological and financial resources are used and managed within business. This unit will help the learner to have an understanding of how human resources are managed and of the employability and personal skillsRead MoreHuman Resource Management Roles592 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Resource Management’s Role in the Health Care Industry HCS/341 Human Resources in Health Care January 9, 2012 Diane Rodriguez â€Æ' Human Resource Management’s Role in the Health Care Industry Human Resource Management helps healthcare organizations maintain a great relationship between the employees and their organization. Human Resource department of an organization has multiple responsibilities and its primary purpose is to improve the productive contribution of people within anRead MoreThe Human Resource Management ( Hrm )1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Human Resource Management (HRM) plays a vital role in the workplace for employees and employer. Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used efficiently and in alignment with an organization s goals. Every company has its strategic plan; it includes the administration s long- and short-term goals, and it also includes the procedures for deciding how to allocate organizational resources to achieve these objectives. According to ourRead MoreEssay Strategic Alignment Worksheet: Human Resources1524 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Strategic Alignment Worksheet: Human Resources NAME: Karolina Siodalska Overview Use this Strategic Alignment Worksheet (SAW) to help you complete the sections listed below. As you progress through the course, you will be instructed to complete and submit section(s) of the SAW. Once you have all of the sections completed, you are to incorporate the sections into the larger Atha Execution Plan, which is your final project deliverable (to be submitted in Unit 5). Sections of the SAW

Remembering Houstons National Womens Conference Forty Years Later - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 302 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/14 Category History Essay Type Review Level High school Topics: Abortion Essay America Essay Role of Women Essay Did you like this example? Today in Texas and the entire American population are reflecting on the National Women Conference that took place some forty years ago in Huston. The meeting took four days, and it was attended by over 2000 women who had been elected as delegates. This was intended to deliver the president of the time on the subject relating to women and their social, Economic and political rights in the country. It is during this time that the controversial motions relating to the rights of minority, abortion, gay rights and equality rights. It is in this remembrance that Texans reflect on what has been achieved as result of the Houston Conference. It is clear that out of this political Conference much has taken place in relations to women participation in social, economic and political issues of the country. Women have been able to effectively compete with men in the two major political parties. The positive achievement has been the introduction of new laws favoring women and the amendment to the existing ones to support their welfare. Women representation in all the houses has increased. It is also critically noted that discrimination against women in Texas had gone down. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Remembering Houstons National Womens Conference Forty Years Later" essay for you Create order The controversial issues discussed during Huston Conference such as abortion and equal rights continue to face not Texas but also the entire nation. The matter of abortion is still contentious a significant number of Americans continue to suffer as result of discrimination in this era it was not something envisaged by the delegates during the meeting. This celebration has been a good indicator of what we have been able to achieve a result of courageous women who determinedly fought for the rights women are enjoying today. This is a good lesson for the young people that the struggle is not yet over they must keep on fighting.

The Relationship Between Sadism And Its Effects On Children

Sadism is defined as the derivation of sexual pleasure from the infliction of pain, suffering and/or humiliation upon another person. The pain and suffering of the victim, which may be both physical and psychological, is pivotal to the sexual arousal and pleasure. According to Bernard (1933) sadism hence represents a pathological intensification of the masculine mental character. Characteristics of sadism according to DSM IV (2000) is as follows: having over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving acts (real, not simulated) in which the psychological or physical suffering including humiliation of the victim is sexually exciting to the person, as well as the person has acted on these urges with a non-consenting person, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. Introduction Sexual sadism is noticed primarily in males and generally starts with puberty, in spite of the fact that sadistic behavior may be manifested prematurely in children. In all male cases, it becomes obvious by early adulthood. According to Hucker (2009), sexual sadism may start off with fantasies and, in some cases, these may never be acted upon or, be acted out in the more mild forms of consensual relationships. In non-consensual cases, the behavior usually continues and often escalates over time as the perpetrator experiences a need for increased violence in order to stimulate theShow MoreRelatedThe Psycological Effects of Masochism and Sadism1980 Words   |  8 Pages The Psychological Causes and Effects of Masochism and Sadism Katelyn Mueller Florida Institute of Technology Human Sexuality December 6, 2015 Abstract Masochism and sadism are very alike in nature. Masochism is a sexual perversion characterized by pleasure in being subjected to pain or humiliation; especially by a loved object. Sadism is the pleasure in being abused or dominated. Sadists have a taste for suffering. Masochism could be a means of escaping from one’s self. It could be a temporallyRead MoreThe Eight Stages Of Psychosocial Development1319 Words   |  6 Pagesimpact on the individual s gding to Erikson each stage is marked by conflict which if successfully addressed and overcome have a positive outcome. In order to be successful an individual has to resolve each crisis by achieving a healthy balance between the two opposing temperaments (Broderick Blewitt, 2010; Papalia, Olds, Feldman, 2006). Erikson indicates that a person s psychosocial development is not precise nor is it permanent. Crisis that may have been encountered early in life may onceRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini.published Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Kite Runner is the kind of novel portraying the common issues of the lives of parents and children. The Kite Runner is the first novel by Afghan-American author Khaled Hosseini.Published by Riverhead Books, it recounts the narratives of Amir, a young boy from the WazirAkbar Khan district of Kabul, whose closest companion is Hassan, son of his father s servant Hazara. The story is situated against a backdrop of turbulent and volatile events, from the fall of Afghanistan s monarchy through theRead MoreThe Effects Of Sexual Arousal On Mental Disorders1554 Words   |  7 Pagesperson who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activates, or in activates usually considered to be a private nature), pedophilia (sexual preference for prepubescent children or engaging in child sexual abuse), sexual masochism (wanting to be humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer for sexual pleasure) sadism (in which the pain or humiliation of a person is sexually exciting), fetishism (use of inanimate objects to gain sexual excitement), transvestic fetishism (arousal from clothingRead More Doris Lessings The Fifth Child Essay example3094 Words   |  13 Pagestragic implications. In this case, the couple, David and Harriet, and the family are slowly destroyed by the presence of the fifth child, Ben, who is unattractive, shows no emotions or attachments to other people, and is destructive. The other children in the family seem to be able to cope on a normal, socially acceptable level, but Ben never seems to be able to grasp acceptable behavior. Significantly, the novel never explains the cause of Ben’s abnormalities. While Lessing does not supply theRead MoreEssay on The Citadel1279 Words   |  6 PagesThe Citadel In todays society, everyone has certain expectations in which to hold up to. Women, for example, are in most cases expected to hold up to a certain feminine look. Children are expected to be obedient of their parents. Men are expected to be strong and always in control. They are anticipated to be the backbone of society, never unsure or unconfident. A man is often looked down on if he is seen crying or showing any type of unmanly emotion. As a whole, the public does notRead MoreThe Fault in Our Stars by John Green Essay926 Words   |  4 Pagesaffects Hazel Grace, Augustus Waters, and their families deeply, it represents the lost, hope, and surprise of cancer often, but this is not only true in books,it also affects people in real life, parents start to view their kids differently, and the children start to view themselves as nothing but disease, and the culture they once had starts to change. Augustus Waters and Hazel Grace each have their own struggles, Hazel suffers from thyroid cancer and is terminal, Augustus had been cured, but it poppedRead MoreKing Lear Character Analysis1511 Words   |  7 Pagesbe supported by Ross (2014) who stated that: â€Å"Of course, we don’t need any formal deï ¬ nitions to see that the Lear family long ago obliterated the boundaries of normal, let alone viable, interpersonal relationships. At least one-third of the main characters exhibit various clinical disorders: sadism, Asperger’s Syndrome, bipolarity, abuse in several varieties, denial with a capital â€Å"D,† and the Ground Zero of it all—sudden anger syndrome, now called Intermittent Explosive Disorder (with the painfullyRead MorePornography: A Prominent and Detrimental Form of Sexual Objectification1893 Words   |  8 PagesCitation). It can further warp the minds of the watchers into thinking that this is what relationships and sex are truly like, when in reality many women are forced into the industry or are overly intoxicate d to keep the entire experience feeling numb (Insert ThePinkCross Citation). Pornography also touches in on an even darker subject of pedophilia, or the paraphilia involving sexual attraction to prepubescent children. Pedophilia is mostly found in males, who are also the sex that is 543% more likelyRead MoreWhy Do Parents Behave? Essay1827 Words   |  8 PagesPost, â€Å"to be a parent, is to be in a loving and nurturing relationship with a young child, not unlike a gardener who tends the soil in which a variety of seedlings are given the ingredients to thrive†(qtd. in ). But traditionally, when children misbehave parents often subject them to punishment. Why do parents behave in this manner when raising children? One answer is that unlike most institutions of society, the parent-child relationship seems to have remained unchanged. Today, parents still rely

Suicide Does Not End The Pain Essay - 1947 Words

â€Å"Suicide does not end the pain; it just transfers it to someone else,† said David Foster Wallace. When I got a call early in the morning on January 4th, 2016 my life changed forever. My best friend and boyfriend had committed suicide by the hands of an overdose. His mom called to tell me they found him in his home not long ago, dead. His death was ruled a suicide because of the note he had left. Grief and pain come with a death natural or otherwise, but there are many nuisances unique to dealing with suicide. As well as the tremendous loss that suicide brings, there are many things suddenly left behind, Facebook accounts that you have to figure out passwords for, pets to find new homes, clothes to bag up and donate, homes to clean out, and bills to pay. My boyfriend, Matt, left little dog named Cash, an apartment just outside of Seattle that he share with two other roommates, and an unfished college career in engineering. More than anything else, he left us all with so many unanswered questions. Upon hearing the news of his death I immediately sped to his apartment. When I drove up, I saw his mom, surrounded by firefighters and police officers outside of the apartment complex. She was hurled over with her hands on her face, choking on her tears, unable to speak. The sight of her like that made the hair on my arms stand straight, and my throat felt like it was closing in as my eyes welled up in panic of what might really be happening. Carla Fine author of No Time toShow MoreRelatedThe Controversy Of Assisted Suicide889 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates over time of if suicide is murder, but what about Assisted Suicide? Assisted suicide is when a person helps another person end their life. Helping with the death of someone who wanted to die. Act Utilitarianism sets basis of right or wrong based on if the action causes more pleasure or pain overall. Every person is accounted as equal. This means if an action brings pleasure to one person but harms two people. The action would be deemed as bad because it brings about more pain. This analysis willRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide Should Be Morally Permissible1663 Words   |  7 PagesPhysician assisted suicide should be morally permissible. Patients who are in constant suffering and pain have the right to end their misery at their own discretion. This paper will explore my thesis, open the floor to counter arguments, explain my objections to the counter arguments, and finally end with my conclusion. I agree with Brock when he states that the two ethical values, self-determination and individual well-being, are the focal points for the argument of the ethical permissibility ofRead MoreIs The Amendment Number 9 Assisted Suicide?1719 Words   |  7 PagesThe specific Amendment and issue I am discussing is Amendment Number 9 Assisted Suicide. Assisted suicide is â€Å"the suicide of a patient suffering from an incurable disease, affected by the taking of lethal drugs provided by a doctor for this purpose† (Oxford Living Dictionaries). This falls under the 9th Amendment; the 9th Amendment â€Å"was part of the Bill of Rights that was added to the Constitution on December 15, 1791. It says that all the rights not listed in the Constitution belong to the peopleRead MoreA Day The Thackstons Went For Their Daily Run1583 Words   |  7 Pagestheir daily run. Little did they know, it would be their last run. Josiah Thackston was having sharp pai ns around his liver and kidneys; he blew it off and just figured â€Å"Oh it is because I am running.† He later mentioned it to his wife Julie Thackston. She told him â€Å"Let us go to the hospital, and see what is going on.† So, they jumped into the car and as they drove, he started having sharp pains and began to tear up. The Thackstons arrived at the hospital and told them how he was feeling. Dr. BennetRead MorePosition Essay Euthanasia1284 Words   |  6 Pagesmany reasons people ask for assistance to end their lives. It is legal in most states for a person to end their own life, but if someone helps someone carry out that wish, then that is a crime. It shouldn’t be illegal to help someone end their life if they wish to die to end their pain. The only sensible thing would be to legalize physician assisted suicide so that people can feel comfortable and pass away in a controlled environment. Assisted suicide is becoming more acceptable in American cult ureRead MoreThe Ethics of Euthanasia Essay1742 Words   |  7 Pageshowever in the state of North Carolina, physician-assisted suicide is illegal. Luckily, her father passed away this year and is finally free of pain and suffering. However, if physician-assisted suicide was legal, her father would not have had to suffer as long as he did. Before we explore the sides of physician-assisted suicide, let’s go over exactly what physician-assisted suicide entails. When the topic of physician-assisted suicide comes up, many individuals believe it is the same as euthanasiaRead MoreAssisted Suicide Is Not Common For All Areas Throughout The United States890 Words   |  4 PagesAssisted Suicide Imagine being diagnosed with a life-ending disease and experiencing such excruciating pain that doctors say cannot be healed. Pain is a terrible thing to experience, especially when it is permanent. What can be done to relieve that pain? What if the only option to rid the pain from the patient is death? No one knows how that feels until it happens to them, that is why assisted suicide is used. Assisted suicide is a practice throughout most of the United States that terminatesRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide : The Voluntary Termination Of One s Own Life1612 Words   |  7 Pages Physician Assisted Suicide Essay Could you imagine being diagnosed with a terminal illness and not having the option of physician assisted suicide? Hearing the physician inform you that you have no other options than to let your illness decide when and how you will die. Physician assisted suicide is the voluntary termination of one’s own life by administration of a lethal substance with the assistance of a physician. Physician assisted suicide should be legalized in all states throughout theRead MoreEuthanasia Essay : Physician Assisted Suicide1566 Words   |  7 Pagesweakness and pain endlessly throughout your body. On top of that you re experiencing symptoms from numerous medications, blockage, wooziness, you can barely breathe and the fact that you’re continually ill. The doctors have given you a zero percent chance of survival; and your demise is inescapable, it s simply a question of when? You ve said your farewells. Presently in the event that you had the opportunity to pick how your life fini shed, how would you choose it? In physician assisted suicide, the optionRead MoreSuffering From Prolong Pain : Symptoms And Treatment848 Words   |  4 PagesSuffering from prolong pain, should anyone ever have to suffer? Pain is an unpleasant experience no one wants to go through. What if you have the chance to cut the pain short? Making a decision between long suffering and ending it early with the assist of a physician. Many people and religion frown upon this practice, but how can they share the pain that you are going through? The power to end one’s suffering should belong solely to the person that is suffering. The elderly and terminally ill should

None1 Essay Example For Students

None1 Essay Introduction Hyper inflation has plagued most of the worlds developing countries over the past decades. Countries in the industrialised world, too, have at times duelled with dangerously high inflation rates in the post WWII era. With varying degrees of success, all have employed great efforts to bring their inflation rates within acceptable limits. Generally, a moderate rate of inflation has been the ultimate goal. More recently, however, a few countries have pursued policies that strive to eradicate inflation altogether through complete price stability. This has proven to be a contentious enterprise, which clearly indicates that there is still no universally accepted solution to the inflation problem. Indeed, there is not even an agreed consensus regarding the source of inflation itself. The monetarist perception that the root of inflation is solely the excessive creation of money remains. So too does the belief that inflation originates in the labour market. And amongst a variety of others, the opinion that inflation serves the critical social purpose of resolving incompatible demands by different groups is also strong. This last, and more widely accepted, case shows that the problem is hardly a technical one; but rather a political one. It highlights the now unquestionable fact that politics and inflation are inextricably linked. And as with all inherently political issues, consensus is difficult, if not impossible, to achieve. But, political characteristics do provide flexibility. In some countries, high rates of inflation have clearly been compatible with rapid economic growth and fast rising standards of living. In such cases, it is quite reasonable to suggest that higher rates of inflation are acceptableperhaps even necessary. In this setting, it is by no means clear that pursing a policy to stop moderate inflation is either required, or in the best interests of the mass of the population at all. While inflation guarantees that some will gain at the exp ense of others, the redistributions of income and wealth which do take place can, on normal value grounds, be quite desirable. In other circumstances, it may be quite desirable to place strict controls on inflation, or strive to keep it at zero level. Policies aimed at virtual price stability have been in use by central banks in Europe, New Zealand, and Canada over the past few years. Such policies have been particularly focused in Canada. As noted by Pierre Fortin, the only objective the Bank of Canada has pursued since 1989 has been to establish and maintain the inflation rate at zero level, which it sees as a CPI inflation rate that is clearly below two percent (italic added). To the surprise of many, it has been incredibly successful, achieving its objective several years before schedule. Although separated by only a few percentage points, Canadas policy is a sharp contrast to the moderate and balanced approach used in the U.S. Since 1989 the Federal Reserve has been satisfied w ith achieving an inflation rate of around 3 percent. In setting the interest rate, it has continued to pay explicit attention to real economic growth and employment, with the result that the U.S. unemployment rate is currently in the 5 to 6 percent range. Based on this statistic alone, it can be argued that the more moderate U.S. approach has enjoyed greater success than the deflation oriented policy pursued by the Bank of Canada: Canada continues to be burdened with a higher rate of unemployment. Yet, it continues to believe that the unemployment costs of low inflation are transitory and small . The directors of most European Central Banks also continue to support this dogma. Clearly, the credibility of the classical idea that the Phillips trade off between inflation and unemployment disappears in the long run is still very high throughout the world. But, in Canada, as in most of Europe, the waiting continues. This is not to suggest that the waiting game has been silent and entirel y pleasant. Indeed, the relative lack (or lag!) of success of zero inflation policies and strict price controls has spurred much heated debate. As a case in point, more people are curious why Canada has exclusively focused on inflation cutting and turned a blind eye to the more balanced, and arguably more successful, approach adopted by the U.S.. Is it actually desirable, or wise, to aim towards virtual price stability? Are there real long-term benefits to low, or zero, inflation? What are the real effects of low inflation? The intensity of the ongoing debate on these issues provides evidence that there are no straightforward answers. The purpose of this paper is to probe at these issues in an attempt to cast some clarity on the debate. Appropriately, it begins with an analysis of the consequences of low inflation on the conduct of monetary policy. As is well known, these effects are controversial, and this paper in no way purports to end the deadlock. Bringing the relevant issues t o the fore, however, is equal to carrying a well-stocked toolbox that contains many of the necessities for well-crafted opinions. The Consequences of Low Inflation on Monetary Policy In recent years, monetary policy has been promoted to the centre stage of economic policy making the world over. This is a contrast to the first half of the 20th century when it was relegated solely to experimentation in the shadows. During these early years, fiscal policy was solely used; due in part to the depression of the thirties, and the remainder, to the process of post WWII reconstruction and the Keynesian doctrine that fiscal action was necessary to prevent deficiency in aggregate demand. By the late sixties and early seventies however, most of the developed world was witnessing the emergence of a combination of high inflation and low growth; i.e., stagnation, and the revered Keynesian analysis was unable to devise plausible responses to the phenomenon. Consequently, monetary policy emerged as an eminent instrument of economic policy, particularly in the fight against inflation. Issues related to the conduct of monetary policy worked their way to the forefront of policy debates during the 1980s as growth and price stability were the intermediate and long term objectives. Gradually, a loose consensus emerged among industrially advanced countries that the dominant objective of monetary policy should be price stability, and from the outset of the 1990s, this belief has increased in popularity. However, differences continue to exist among central banks with regard to the appropriate intermediate target. While some consider monetary aggregates and, therefore, monetary targeting as operationally meaningful, others focus exclusively on interest rates-even though the inter-relationship between the two targets is well recognised. Again, as with all inflation-related issues, there seems to be little consensus. Though it will only be noted in passing here, monetary policy has also g one through a renaissance in developing economies. Much of the early literature on development economics focused on real factors such as savings, investment, and technology as the main springs of growth. Very little attention was paid to the financial system as a contributory factor. Indeed, through the years countless opinions have highlighted that inflation is endemic in the process of economic growth and is accordingly treated more as a consequence of structural imbalance than as a monetary phenomenon. However, with a growing body of overwhelming evidence, it has become clear that any process of economic growth where monetary expansion is disregarded also leads to inflationary pressures with resultant impacts on economic growth. Thus, price stability and monetary policy have assumed increased importance all over the world, in developing and developed economies alike. Yet, the widespread use of monetary policy to control inflation does not necessarily muffle the roars of policy de bate. In fact, the extent to which price stability should be deemed to be the over-riding objective of monetary policy has become an increasingly heated topic of discussion. The crucial question seems to be whether the pursuit of low inflation; (i.e., price stability) through monetary policy undermines the ability of an economy to attain and sustain higher growth. A substantial body of research occupies the examination of this trade-off, whose roots trace back to the Phillips curve (1958) which demonstrated the inverse relationship between the change in wage rates and unemployment rates. It was here that the suggestion of a trade-off between inflation and unemployment was first laid. Although the Phillips relationship has subsequently been challenged on theoretical and empirical grounds, it continues to form an important locus of analysis and it is prudent to look at in some detail below. The Phillips Curve It is well known, and generally accepted, that the downward slope of the Phi llips curve arises basically because of the presence of money illusion and expected inflation deviating from actual inflation. Based on this knowledge, and its subsequent critiques, the prevailing inflation/monetary policy controversy centres on the possible short-run and long run trade-off between inflation and unemployment. This distinction primarily stems from the assumption of error-learning process in the determination of inflationary expectations workers do have an anticipation on the inflation, but because they judge the inflation performance from the past data, the adjustment between the expected and actual inflation is slow. This implies that in the short-run, nominal wage rise will not fully absorb the actual inflation, and as such, there is scope for reducing unemployment through inflation. As people adjust their expectations of inflation, the short-run Phillips curve shifts upward and unemployment rate returns towards its natural level. As the expected inflation catches up with actual inflation, the Phillips curve becomes vertical, denying thereby a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in the long run. Seen in this light, the short term Phillips curve provides a trade-off between inflation and unemployment when an economy is adjusting to shocks in aggregate demand when expected inflation is lower than actual inflation. In the long run, the Phillips curve becomes almost vertical at the (controversial) natural rate of unemployment. Though not discussed in this paper, the plausibility of this natural rate of unemployment has been cast into doubt in recent years. For the moment, notwithstanding the critique of the natural unemployment rate, the Phillips curve presents the possibility of lengthening the short-run trade-offs indefinitely, since inflation surprises in each period can elongate the long-run perpetually. But, in that case the trade-offs will become sharper in each successive period. In other words, to maintain the unemployment below the natural rate, policy authorities will have to inflate the economy at higher rates in each successive period. This has a major policy implication even if the economy does not operate on the long-run vertical Phillips curve. Under the rational expectations hypothesis, as there are no deviations between actual, and expected inflation, both in the short-run and long-run, Phillips curves are treated as being vertical with no trade-off between inflation and unemployment. Another policy related question is the shape of the short-run Phillips curve itself. In reality, wages and prices are sticky as employment contracts are fairly long and there is also a cost in changing the individual prices too often, or re-negotiating wages after each price rise. It has been argued that the nature of stickiness in wages and prices could be different in different economies, and this could also be a function of the inflation history of the country concerned. If so, countries with high inflation rates would find themselves steeper on short-run Phillips curve than low inflation countries, which are more likely to be on the flatter side. For the purpose of this paper, what is important, therefore, is that the trade-off between price stability and employment is sharper for countries with relatively high inflation rates, and lower for those with low inflation rates. Price Stability as the objective of Monetary Policy Price stability as the objective of monetary policy rests on the notion that volatility in prices creates uncertainty in decision making. Rising prices affect savings adversely while making speculative investments more attractive. Thus, the most important contribution of the financial system to an economy is its ability to increase savings and allocate resources more efficiently. A regime of rising prices dampens the atmosphere for promotion of savings and allocation of investment. Moreover, there is a social element: inflation adversely affects those who have no protect ion against inflation; i.e., the poorer sections of the community. The critical question for policy makers is, thus, at what level of inflation do its adverse consequences begin to set in? Inflation affects fiscal balance in several ways. It adversely affects fiscal deficit when elasticity of expenditure to inflation is higher than that of revenue. A more significant impact of inflation arises from its effect on interest rate and the dynamic sustainability of fiscal situation. High rates of inflation signal weak resolve to control inflation and imply higher expected inflation in future. Obviously, this results in upward rigidity in nominal interest and leads to high debt service burden on the budget, thus reducing the flexibility of fiscal management. And as just noted, it is well known that the adverse implications of inflation are more intense at high rates of inflation. A moderate inflation rate is usually more desirable, and manageable as it ordinarily does not imply severe cost s. Indeed, moderate inflation rates are necessary if money is to remain a useful unit of account and if the costs of decision making are to be minimised. But, there is no consensus as to the optimum rate of moderate inflation, or even as to what the term moderate means. International evidence suggests that the costs of uncertainty tend to rise in a non-linear fashion with the inflation rate exceeding a threshold. One important caveat in interpreting the threshold of inflation rate beyond which costs exceed benefit is the provision of inflation protection measures available in the economy, which tends to moderate the adverse implications to some extent. In other words, countries with a moderate inflation rate, but an inadequate indexation provision, may show a higher degree of sensitivity to inflation than those with lower moderate inflation. For example, as noted above, most of the industrialised countries in recent years have inflation targets ranging between two to three per cent. But, among the developing countries, some of the fast growing East-Asian economies have not only demonstrated low inflation rates ranging between three to five per cent, but the growth rate at these inflation rates has been fairly high at around eight per cent. Empirical evidence on the relationship between the inflation and growth in cross-country framework is therefore somewhat confusing. Several studies make it clear that the negative impact of inflation on growth is more severe at unmistakably high rates of inflation, there is no consensus about the threshold inflation rate beyond which, or under which, the negative impacts of price stability become pronounced. The term moderate or low inflation is clearly relative and dependant upon a number of circumstances. In part, this fact also obscures the analysis of policies that seek zero inflation, or virtual price stability. The effects of virtual price stability Most policy makers generally worry about inflation, however moderate, because if not held in check, a little inflation can lead to higher inflation and ultimately affect growth. Several central banks believe that the economic benefits of reducing inflation, say, from 4 per cent to 2 per cent, are many and large and the unemployment costs are transitory and small by comparison. This perception rests on the Friedmans classical idea that the Phillips trade-off between inflation and unemployment disappears in the long run, and even in the short run if the central banks commitment to zero inflation is made credible and has a direct downward effect on expected and actual inflation that minimises the unemployment costs of disinflation. Yet, this appears to be more plausible in theory than in practice. As a case in point, the Bank of Canada has argued that the countrys inflation could not have been minimised without a short-term rise in unemployment and government debt. Thus, they concede that there are indeed short-term costs, although they hope that they wi ll be outweighed by the long-term benefits. According to this view, benefits will accrue because of Canadas resultant low-inflation environment, which will promote both the stability and competitiveness of the Canadian economy. This should result in a protracted increase in business investment. Yet, the economy continues to feel the short-term effects. It seems as though the short term is actually a very long one. Not surprisingly, this lag time has engendered a host of critics of such a narrow monetary policies. Perhaps most notably, P. Krugman has argued that while the belief that absolute price stability is a huge blessing with large benefits and few drawbacks, the concept rests entirely on faith. Empirical evidence actually indicates the opposite. The benefits of price stability are elusive and the costs of achieving it are large. And zero inflation may not be a good thing even in the long run. Critiques focused specifically on the Bank of Canadas policy further argue that the B ank has been overly obsessed with reducing inflation to the detriment of other concerns. Bringing down inflation in the early 1990s required a harsh contractionary monetary policy, with extremely high short-term interest rates. For these observers, the Banks tight monetary policy was badly mistimed, since it was applied during the recession of the early 1990s and the precarious recovery that followed. Critics also suggest that the Bank of Canadas policy surely has important long-run costs. Their argument relates to so-called hysteresis, which refers to the case where a variable that has been shifted by some external force does not return to its original state once the external force has been lifted. In the Canadian macroeconomy, it is argued that hysteresis took place when the recession increased the natural unemployment rate by creating new structural unemployment. As such, the economys self-stabilising tendency was hampered which damaged the economy because its potential level of real output decreased. To some degree, this explanation helps explain the stubbornly high rates of Canadian unemployment in the 1990s. Critics are also quick to point to another important cost of the Bank of Canadas contractionary policies during the early 1990s. High short-term interest rates have caused the interest bill on outstanding government debt to increase. And , by pushing down both real income and employment, the Bank has reduced government tax revenues. A vicious cycle has been the consequence, with the federal governments added interest obligations and sagging tax intake forcing it to run higher yearly deficits which have increased public debt even further. Thus, despite the success of reaching low inflation targets, low inflation monetary policy does tend to raise unemployment, either directly or indirectly. This can occur through its effects on investment or otherwise, unless the policy generates a great increase in confidence and public expenditure cuts. As the Canad ian case demonstrates, this may not be possible. The danger of a narrowly focused monetary policy, then, is that if unemployment rises more than expected, which may well happen, political pressures are likely to be generated leading to the abandonment of the experiment. In Canada, the pressure is increasing, and though virtually independent of the government, the Bank of Canada may not be able to withstand the costs of the experiment for much longer. Abandoning the policy, however, would also be very costly in that, by undermining confidence in the authorities capability and determination, it would make it almost impossible for the Banks future policies to have beneficial direct effects on expectations. The alternative strategy of defining a target path for unemployment, though liable to be condemned by the public as cold-blooded, might minimise this risk and thus lower the expected unemployment cost of the ultimate reduction of inflation. But, this too may prove to be different in practice. Empirical studies have shown that, contrary to the prevailing beliefs of many economists and central bankers, in the long run, a moderate steady rate of inflation permits maximum employment and output. Maintenance of zero inflation measurably increases the sustainable unemployment rate and correspondingly reduces the level of output. Zero inflation inflicts permanent real costs that are much larger than envisaged by present-day policy makers. Following Canadas path to zero inflation, empirical modelling demonstrates that the instigation of a policy of zero inflation immediately reduces employment, and it continues to decrease until the third year of the zero inflation experiment. The effects of wage rigidity mount as inflation approaches zero, increasing the incremental unemployment cost of reducing inflation further. The zero inflation rate target is not reached until the 6th year, at which point unemployment has reached 10.8 percent. Unemployment declines gradually from that point, nearing its steady state rate of 8.4 percent after a decade. Without much surprise, this does very closely reflect the effects of the zero inflation monetary policy pursued in Canada. Policy makers should not be satisfied with an ultimate unemployment rate of 8.4%. Not only is this rate of unemployment still high, but the costs involved in securing the target are certainly not worth it. Observations and Conclusions Inflation, both high and low, clearly poses great problems on the macro and micro economy. In higher doses, inflation erodes peoples savings, endangers economic growth and propagates social instability. So, it has been argued, why not in these more disciplined times try to eradicate the disease altogether, just as the world has gotten rid of smallpox? Why not, some central bankers and economists are asking, aim for zero inflation at least in the industrial countries? Only in recent years has this question even been feasible. Previously, if inflation was singl e digit, it was quite acceptable. Now, however, the world is entering an era of low inflation that brings more ambitious targets within reach. According to the International Monetary Fund, average inflation in the industrial countries is running at only just over 2 percent a year, and although the rate is much higher in the developing countries, it is falling quickly. As shown in this study, the proliferation of low inflation monetary policies to pursue virtual price stability is at the root of this phenomenon. However, as shown in this paper, zero inflation objectives are not wise: Central banks and governments may be trying to kill something that is not capable of being made extinct. This is particularly true in the era of globalisation. Fiercer global competition and freer world trade, low oil and commodity prices, the declining power of labour unions, the growing resistance of consumers to price increases, and the heavy penalties imposed by financial markets on undisciplined gov ernments are working to complicate monetary policies, and further make zero inflation impractical. Thus, even if zero or low inflation is readily achievable, as it seems to be, it does so in the face of very powerful variables. But, there are several additional reasons to end zero inflation policies. Above all, this paper has demonstrated that the macroeconomics of low inflation is a delicate science. Macroeconomic performance is very different when inflation falls lower half of the 1-3 percent range than in the upper-half of the 2-4 per cent range, particularly in the long run. Numerically small, but effectively huge, differences arise from the sharp non-linearity of the long-run Phillips curve at low inflation rates. Wringing the last drops of inflation out of the system has painful consequences for growth, jobs and investment that are neither politically acceptable nor economically desirable. Though central banks are reluctant to see the logic of this argument at the moment, the time may soon come when the credibility of giving up zero inflation experiments will be greater than their continued pursuit. A prerequisite to this, in all likelihood, is that the least unemployment costly path for stabilising prices must be found. And, unfortunately, this is a difficult, if not impossible, pursuit. From all of the confusion, what is clear is that a little inflation, perhaps 1 to 3 percent, is a far more efficient policy choice than zero inflation. Such a moderate inflation target would allow real wages to decline where necessary without firms having to impose wage cuts or fire workers. Thus, rather than misusing their energy pursuing zero inflation, governments should be exploring the other policy options now available. In todays low-inflation environment, central banks can afford to be less restrictive than they have learned to be over the past two decades and allow greater room for growth. Exchange rates can, if necessary, be nudged downward without automaticall y provoking the wage and price spirals they did in the past. Such examples are not necessarily a panacea for the damage caused by zero inflation experiments so far, but they are certainly less harmful. As argued by Pierre Fortin, public opinion is starting to reflect the reality that promised large benefits from zero inflation are actually a mirage and that the small unemployment costs are actually huge. This opinion has been voiced particularly loudly by Japan and France. And unless the elusive benefits of zero inflation soon manifest themselves, it is only a matter of time before the rest of the no inflation pack realises they are barking up the wrong tree. Bibliography: Youth Violence Essay

Edan Se-12 Express Ecg Model

Question: How to disassemble and reassemble and explain the components inside the assembly. Answer: An Electrocardiogram mainly consists of several electronic and electrical components such as lead electrodes, connecting wires, amplifiers and storage transmission devices. Edans SE-12 Express 12 channel ECG is a particular model that is extensively used in various health care facilities of the world. A description of the components of the device assembly is given as follows: ECG Leads The electrodes that are used in the SE-12 Express model are mainly classified into two main types, unipolar and bipolar. The bipolar leads are used to measure and record the differential voltage between a subjects wrists and legs. The bipolar electrodes are placed on the patients left leg, right wrist and the left wrist, thereby forming a triangular conduction pattern of the electrical impulses emanating from the heart, which are then recorded. Unipolar electrode leads, on the other hand, enable recording of the voltage difference between a particular reference electrode and the surface of the patients body to which the leads are connected or attached. Unipolar electrodes are connected to the right left arms and to the right left hands; moreover, the leads are also placed on certain specified areas of the patients chest. The ECG monitor is then used to view the patterns of the patients heart activity note any change in the heart activities. Amplifiers The amplifiers used in the model convert the weak electrical signal emanating from the human body and amplifies its magnitude so as to obtain a verifiable signal, which can be regulated, conditioned thus, can be read on the monitor. The differential amplifier used helps in amplifying the relative difference between the reference signal the low level signals obtained. The buffer amplifier is the first component of the ECG to which the input signals are transferred. The signal is received and then stabilized. Amplification of the input signal on a multiplier range of 5 to 10 is then done. The electrical network then converts the analog signal to its digital counterpart. The differential pre-amplifier in the device then conditions the signal by filtering and again amplifying the signal by a factor of 10 to 100. (Ti.com, 2016) Output Sections The SE-12 electrocardiogram typically shows output on a liquid crystal display monitor and on paper strip recorders. Computers and cathode ray oscilloscopes can also be interfaced with the device to observe and store data on various mediums. The data that is observed is almost always in a digital format and thus, the machine has several built-in analog to digital digital to analog converter sections. The display device that is used in the model itself has certain microprocessors and dedicated electronic parts which help in properly creating displaying the cardiograph waveforms on the display monitor. (Madehow.com, 2016) Disassembly Reassembly Every part of the model can be replaced with file replaceable units and similar service parts and must be done by qualified personnel. A proper workflow chart must be followed in order to properly correctly disassemble and reassemble the ECG device. Module Frame Disassembly The module frame release knob is pressed and the frame itself is turned by ninety degrees in order to make the module frame face right. The two snaps on the top of the front cover are then released. The four snaps on the inner part of the E-module slot are then released; the topmost two snaps are first released and then the lower two snaps are released. Finally, the cover unit is detached. Recorder unit detachment is done after detaching the module frame front cover. The screws holding the recorder are unscrewed, ensuring no damage is done to the flex board on the recorders right. The recorder is then removed from the module frame. During reassembling, the recorder unit must be wholly installed into the module frame. The PDM docking mechanism is then detached after properly removing of the module frame again; the inner left two latches are first released and then the mechanism itself is turned by thirty degrees so as to detach it from the board connector. Reassembling is done by reversing the steps of disassembling. The module frame cover unit is then removed after the removal of the PDM docking mechanism by releasing the two adjoining snaps of the inside of the frame cover of the module followed by the detachment of the cover. Reassembling is done in the reverse order The E-module interface board is disassembled only after the removal of all the above parts. The back plate of the device is removed with a flat blade screwdriver. The hinge flex board is disconnected from its connections with the module frames and then the screws of the e-module interface board are removed followed by removal of the board from the main unit. Reassembling of this component is done obviously in the reverse manner. (Edan.com.cn, 2016) Finally, the whole module frame is removed by detaching its whole back plate and the hinge flex board from their respective frame connectors. Screws are removed and the snap behind the flex cable is released. The flap is lifted and the assembly is removed from the wall of the module frame. Main Unit Disassembly The main fuses are first replaced by pulling them out of the fuse holder. The interface board plate is then detached from the frame; the actual board is then pulled out of the main unit. The right house frame housing is then removed by releasing its snaps and then the left frame housing is similarly removed. The top cover is then removed by pressing on the module frame release know and turning the frame by 90 deg. The tap cover is then detached by releasing its corresponding snaps. After disassembling all the above components, the main unit is separated in to the rear front units. After this, the uDOM is detached, followed by detachment of the DC/DC board by detaching the battery cables and disconnecting the DC/DC board from the CPU board connector. During reassembling, the CPU board is assembled first, then the battery cable is connected and then the DC/DC board is attached. (Edanusa.com, 2016) Front Unit Disassembly The front assembly is detached after removing the side house decorations and the top cover. The WLAN card is then removed from the CPU and then the front unit is removed. The U/I cable is also disconnected from the user interface board. The reassembling of the parts is done in the reverse order. The LCD unit is disassembled after the removal of the front unit assembly followed by disconnection of the display cables and then the disconnection of the two backlight cables from the inverter board. Reassembling is done in the reverse order. Te backlight inverter board is then detached after removal of the side housings, top covers, WLAN card, font unit assembly and LCD unit. The inverter cable is then removed from eth backlight board and then the board is unscrewed. The steps are to be reversed during the reassembling process. (Edanusa SE-12 Series Electrocardiograph User Manual, 2011) Next up the user interface board is removed. The screws are detached and the various cables connected to it are removed one by one. The trim knob is simultaneously removed by removing it from the front and detaching the nut washer. The encoder cable of the trim knob is then detached from the user interface board and then the encoder itself is removed from the front unit. Reassembling is done in the reverse manner. References Edan.com.cn. (2016).Edan Instruments, Inc.. Edanusa SE-12 Series Electrocardiograph User Manual. (2011). 1st ed. Edan Instruments, INC. 2011. Edanusa.com. (2016).EDAN USA :: Expanding Edan Medical Equipment Distribution into the USA :: Edan Instruments, Inc. :: EKG/ECG Resting Machines, Fetal Monitors, Ultrasound Machines, Dopplers, Pulse Oximeters, Veterinary Equipment.