Emotional Expression and Perception of Time

Brief Description Culture has a direct influence on how its members express their emotions and perceive time. This paper uses two cultures, African and Asian ones, to discuss this influence. The two cultures selected differ in many ways, including geographical location, historical background, languages spoken, and religious beliefs.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Emotional Expression and Perception of Time specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As such, the two cultures have various values and attitudes. African culture emphasizes individualism, as opposed to Asian culture which focuses on collectivism (Matsumoto, 2001). Emotional Expression According to Matsumoto (2001), each culture has norms, attitudes, and beliefs that affect how its members express their emotions. While Asians are a bit reserved when displaying emotions associated with good news, Africans openly express such emotions by smiling broadly ( Lewis, Takai-Kawakami, Kawakami and Sullivan, 2010). Africans show positive emotions through happiness and excitement while Asians express such feelings in a calm and peaceful emotion because they believe that displaying emotions should not attract much attention (Lewis et al., 2010). As such, suppression of emotions would not have any negative psychological consequence among Asians, but would result in feelings of guilt, stress, depression, and low self-esteem among Africans. Happy events, such as births and marriages, have a tendency of making people joyful, but some persons may feel sad depending on their culture (Lewis et al., 2010). Africans generally feel happy when celebrating such events, but Asians might have mixed emotions. The reason is that Asians normally involve themselves in conversations that tolerate change and contradiction during happy events. Similarly, Africans express emotions of sadness freely, unlike Asians that have restrictions when grieving over sad events , like deaths. Perception of Time Time is a vital aspect of human experience. Temporal behavior, including life pace, time metaphors as well as duration and perception of the past, present, and the future, varies across cultures (Hill, Block and Buggie, 2000). Culture also influences how people feel about physical and personal time.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, African culture does not place much emphasis on punctuality, but Asian culture considers punctuality to be vital.  While both cultures believe in physical time, there exist clear differences when it comes to personal time. Asians perceive personal time as an investment, and therefore they prefer not to start a conversation as a way of passing time if it is unlikely to end. On the other hand, Africans will not mind starting a conversation that, as they know, will not come to a logical end, since they do not perceive personal time as a valuable investment. Furthermore, African culture attaches great importance to the present and the future while Asian culture considers the past to be of the utmost significance, as Asians believe that the past shapes the present and the future (Hill et al., 2000). Both cultures believe in and remember time duration. This happens because they carry out events and activities only for a given period. Asians are, however, monochronic, which means that they only do one thing at a time and fully concentrate on it ((Hill et al., 2000). They adhere to a timetable and spend the least time possible when performing activities. On the contrary, Africans, especially women, believe in multitasking to complete many activities within a short timeframe (Hill et al., 2000). Unlike Asians, Africans do not follow timetables and they can easily switch between activities, so long as they are all completed regardless of the time taken. References Hill, O.W., Block, R.A ., Buggie, S. E. (2000). Culture and beliefs among black American, black Africans and white Americans. The Journal of Psychology, 134(4), 443-461. Lewis, M., Takai-Kawakami, K., Kawakami, K. Sullivan, M.W. (2010). Cultural differences in emotional responses to success and failure. International Journal of Behavioral Development 34(1), 53-61.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Emotional Expression and Perception of Time specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Matsumoto, D. (Eds.). (2001). The handbook of culture and psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. This research paper on Emotional Expression and Perception of Time was written and submitted by user Haylee Michael to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

James Watt with the Steam engi essays

James Watt with the Steam engi essays In Britain about two hundred years ago, great changes took place in making goods and transport, which has molded the way our world works today. These changes made big differences to peoples lives and work methods: and put together these are called the industrial Revolution. Along with many inventors and their inventions during this time, one of the most influential characters in the Industrial Revolution is Scottish Engineer James Watt who truly introduced the Age of Steam. Watt did not invent the steam engine. But the improvements Watt made to Thomas Newcomens atmospheric engine turned steam into the major power source of the Industrial Revolution. Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland in 1736, the son of a merchant. Deciding he wanted to be a maker of scientific instruments, in 1755 he took up an apprenticeship in London. Within a year ill-health forced him to return to Glasgow, but already he had learnt enough to get a job making instruments at the University of Glasgow. He did not confine himself to scientific instruments either, making violas, guitars, fiddles, flutes and organs as well. He appeared to have been a very good maker of instruments, both scientific and musical. In 1763, Watt was asked to repair the one of the Thomas Newcomens steam engine models that was not functioning correctly. It was while repairing a Newcomen engine that he noticed the deficiencies of the machine and had the idea for a separate condenser. He found many areas of the engines design that he believed could be improved upon, especially the amount of energy it wasted. Newcomens engine had worked by applying steam to raise a piston inside a cylinder. Under the Newcomen design, jet cold water was used to condense the steam in the engine, unfortunately this also had the effect of cooling other parts of the engine, which then had to be re-heated. Watt believed this to be an inefficient use of energy that could be correct...

Tescos annual report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tescos annual report - Essay Example Customers bought over two million bags of barbecue fuel in the summer, and Christmas decoration sales were up by over 37% from the previous year. What will be interesting will be to see if this rise in non-food sales across the board will continue to grow on a year-by-year basis, or if at some point they will level off with only small incremental gains to be had. The underlying profit rose from 1832 (in 2004) to 2064 (in millions) (in 2005) and that rise is even more impressive since 2004 numbers were based on a 53 week year and 2005 was based on a 52 week year. The return on capital employed has not been 11% or higher since 2001, but in 2005 it was 11.5%. Earnings per share was also significantly higher and has been growing every year since 2001. In 2005 the earnings per share were 18.30 as compared to 10.66 in 2001. Last years earnings per share were 16.31. The increase from 16.31 to 18.30 represents an almost 17% higher earnings per share in one year. It would seem that the company's objective of focusing on superstores instead of smaller stores is working, especially in the UK. The overall number of stores in the UK dropped from 1,878 to 1,780 while the total sales area (in square feet) went from 23,291,000 to 24,207,000, which is an increase of almost 1 million square feet while closing almost 100 stores. The same scenario was taking place in the company's international markets, with one major difference. The company maintains only 554 international stores but has more square footage that than all the UK stores combined with 24,928,000 square feet. This is a significant difference. If each square foot generates the same amount of sales then international sales in the future are going to be significantly higher than UK sales, with not as much overhead or expenses. The Chairman's statement reflects the company's growth and aggressive style in an optimistic writing. He touts the fact that they have added two new non-executives to the Board, and that both were woman. He, and the company, faces shareholders and a public that are more discerning and political than ever before and has to manipulate the opinions held by those masses to maintain the edge developed over the company's competitors. By adding two women to the Board the company portrays its willingness to facilitate gender equity. The Chairman also touts how much the shareholders benefit from an investment in the company.The Chairman, and the Board, would certainly not wish to see a downswing in investor sentiment, with the resulting sales of shares that would lower the share prices, so he would present even bad news in a way that would seem positive, not that he would have had to with the numbers that Tesco has been generating. The numbers regarding cash flow are also strong. Net cash flow rose from 2,942 to 3,004 from 2004 to 2005 and the stronger number is reflected throughout the entire cash flow analysis. The cash inflow went from a negative (137) to a positive 259 (in millions). The company spent almost the same amount in 2005 as they did in 2004 to acquire tangible fixed assets. The company had less of a decrease in net debt than the year before, but it was still a substantial increase dropping from 4,090 to 3,842. That is a significant decrease in debt. As for the contributions made from each sector, as

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 9

Midterm - Essay Example Although it is clear that Abraham moved from Canaan, there is no historical evidence that he ended up in Egypt. Consequently, there is no archaeological evidence of Abraham’s exodus from Egypt. Efron, Weitzman, & Lehmann (58) report archaeological evidence to support that indeed David killed Goliath. A piece of pottery was discovered in early 2008 at a site where one of the cities of Israel was located south-west of Jerusalem and evidence from the writings found on the pottery indicates that David killed Goliath. The Assyrian conquest of Israel and Judah can equally be termed as a real historical event according to evidence from a clay prism that is currently displayed at Oriental Institute Museum of Chicago. The prism gives an account of Sennacerib’s invasion of Judah and confirms a similar account given in second Kings 18:13-15. On the prism, King Sennacerib accounts how King Hezekiah, fearing his greatness, sent him gold, silver, precious stones, ivory and even women from his palace. This archaeological evidence is proof that indeed the Assyrians attacked Israel and Judah. The main reason why scholars question the divine origins of the bible is the fact that its content does not reflect the events and attitudes of the periods they purport to describe (Efron, Weitzman, & Lehmann 61). Scholars point to the various events described in the bible which do not go in hand with the archaeological evidence been discovered. Scholars stress on the need to support the biblical text with an independent source. The text in Genesis, for instance, has not been supported by archaeological discoveries that indicate that the events in the book could have happened later. Archaeological evidence has further indicated that David and Solomon could have been minor rulers who ruled around Jerusalem rather than the whole of Israel as it is described in the bible. The early Israel was an oral society. Religious leaders taught through word of mouth.

Pre-eclampsia discussion on hypertension in antenatal Essay

Pre-eclampsia discussion on hypertension in antenatal - Essay Example A midwife’s primary role in properly assessing the situation and giving diagnosis is discussed. Focus is also given to the cooperation between midwives and other HCPs when dealing with conditions that are not usually seen among patients. To aid in the discussion, a case of a pregnant patient, Julie, is used as an example. Julie’s pregnancy is made complicated by the increased blood pressure and protein in blood observed late in pregnancy. The flow of this paper is as follows. First, a summary of the patient’s case is given. More details, should the summary be found lacking, are provided in the appendix. Next, the various roles of midwives are elaborated, especially in cases of pregnancy. Third, pregnancy-associated high blood pressure disorders, its causes and risk factors, symptoms, complications, and treatment are looked upon. Finally, the appropriateness of the attending midwife’s actions in dealing with Julie’s case is assessed. There is a concerted effort among international HCP associations to care for not only the physical, but the psychological, spiritual and social well-being of a woman and her family. A midwife must do her part on this venture by monitoring such aspects of a woman’s life, especially during the child-bearing cycle. As defined by the International Confederation of Midwives (ICM), midwives are licensed, autonomous HCPs who are specialized to provide well-being related to women’s reproductive health including gynaecological tests, family planning, sexual health, antenatal tests, delivery, postpartum care and menopausal care. Aside from facilitating birth giving and taking care of the newborn infant, they are responsible and accountable for giving proper advice to expectant mothers so that each of them will have a normal pregnancy and natural parturition. This includes preventive measures such as giving advice on diet and

Digital Communication Simulation Using Matlab Computer Science Essay

Digital Communication Simulation Using Matlab Computer Science Essay Objective Aim Scope of the assignment The objective of this assessment is to model and analyse modulation and coding in Communication Systems using Matlab.[1] This lab exercise aims to teach (show) modulation demodulation techniques like QAM 64 over AWGN wireless channel throw Matlabs Communication toolbox. In task 1, simulation and analysis of modulation and demodulation (using the 64-QAM) is been perform. By use of Matlabs high performance language, a designed code is been given in each task. Transmitted and received signals are been show in scatter plots at different SNR values. Simulation of the rectangular pulse shaping filter in combination with modulation is been introduced in the second part. The effect of rectangular pulse shaping is been used at the transmitter side after the QAM-64 modulation. Integrate and dump operation effect is been used at the receiver side. A full analysis of these two effects is been given below. In both tasks, the transmission is being over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) wireless communication channel. Comparison, analysis and a discussion of the results is been given below each task. Introduction on general modulation/demodulation and 64-QAM AWGN channel, noise and rectangular pulse shaping Modulation Demodulation Modem In the area of telecommunications, modulation is the process of changing a periodic waveform (i.e. a tone), in order to use that signal to transfer a message. Normally the carrier signal (usually is a sinusoidal) has higher frequency than the input signal. Amplitude, phase and frequency are the three key parameters of a sine wave. These parameters can be modified in accordance with a low frequency information signal to obtain the modulated signal. Amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM) and phase modulation are the most common analog modulation techniques. Radio and television broadcast stations typically use AM or FM. More complex forms of modulation are Phase Shift Keying (PSK), Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) and Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) which are the three basic digital modulation techniques. A device that performs modulation is known as a modulator and a device that performs the inverse operation of modulation is known as a demodulator. A modulator converts a digital signal to an analog signal (typically a sinusoidal signal) and a demodulator converts a modulated (analog) signal back to the original unmodulated (digital) signal.[2] A few years ago a computer was connected to the internet through a modem (in now days a different type is being used, ADSL modem/router) over a regular analog line. A modem converts an outgoing digital signal to an outgoing modulated signal, and converts an incoming modulated signal to an incoming digital signal.[2] Modulation is used to change the signals bandwidth so it can be transmitted on a limited-bandwidth communication channel (like a telephone line or a cable TV channel) without too much distortion.[2] It also allows more connected users on the same communication link. Digital modulation Digital modulation schemes transform digital signals into waveforms that are compatible with the nature of the communications channel. There are two major categories of digital modulation. One category uses a constant amplitude carrier and the other carries the information in phase or frequency variations (FSK, PSK). The other category conveys the information in carrier amplitude variations and is known as amplitude shift keying (ASK). In digital communications, modulation is often expressed in terms of I and Q. This is a rectangular representation of the polar diagram. On a polar diagram, the I axis lies on the zero degree phase reference, and the Q axis is rotated by 90 degrees. The signal vectors projection onto the I axis is its I component and the projection onto the Q axis is its Q component.[5] Figure 1 I-Q format [5] Figure 2 Trends in the industry [5] Main Digital Modulation Schemes Techniques Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) Amplitude shift keying represents digital data as variations in the amplitude of a carrier wave. There is an on/off transmission that represents the binary logic 1/0. ASK has poor performance cause is heavily affected by noise and interference. For binary digital modulation, BASK is the simpler form of ASK. Figure 3 Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) [3] Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) The carriers frequency is modulated by the digital signal. 1/0 represented by two different frequencies slightly offset from carrier frequency.[4] That means that is a different frequency for 1 and another frequency for 0. FSK can be expanded to a M-ary scheme, employing multiple frequencies as different states.[3] For binary digital modulation BFSK is the simpler form of FSK. Figure 4 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) [3] Phase Shift Keying (PSK) Phase-shift keying (PSK) is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase of the carrier wave. Phases are separated by 180o. Phase modulation can be achieved simply by defining a relative phase shift from the carrier, usually equi-distant for each required state. Therefore a two level phase modulated system, such as Binary Phase Shift Keying, has two relative phase shifts from the carrier, + or 90o. Phase modulation requires coherent generation and as such if an IQ modulation technique is employed this filtering can be performed at baseband. [6] Figure 5 Phases separated by 180o on BPSK [4] Figure 6 Phase Shift Keying (PSK) [3] Multi-Symbol Signalling M-ary Signals Multiple-symbol signaling is the process where multiple levels are used to encode binary information into groups of two bite, four bits, etc. [8] Figure 7 M-ary signals [3] Amplitude and phase shift keying can be combined to transmit several bits per symbol (in the above figure M=4). These modulation schemes are often refered to as linear, as they require linear amplification. 16-QAM has the largest distance between points, but requires very linear amplification. 16PSK has less stringent linearity requirements, but has less spacing between constellation points, and is therefore more affected by noise. M-ary schemes are more bandwidth efficient, but more susceptible to noise. [3] Quadrature Phase Shift Key Modulation (QPSK) Quadrauture Phase Shift Keying is a form of PSK. QPSK is a system of modulating digital signals onto a radio-frequency carrier signal using four phase states to code two digital bits. QPSK is effectively two independent BPSK systems (I and Q), and therefore exhibits the same performance but twice the bandwidth efficiency. QPSK can be filtered using raised cosine filters to achieve excellent out of band suppression. Large envelope variations occur during phase transitions, thus requiring linear amplification. [3] Figure 8 QPSK [4] Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) Quadrature amplitude modulation is a combination of amplitude modulation and phase shift keying. It is a modulation scheme-technique which conveys data by modulating the amplitude of two carrier waves. That is an amplitude modulation on both quadrature carriers. These two waves, usually sinusoids, are out of phase with each other by 90Â ° and are that is why they called quadrature carriers. QAM has extensive use in digital microwave radio links. The 16-QAM below stands for 2n discrete levelsÆ’Â   n=2 same as in the above QPSK. Figure 9 16-QAM Figure 10 16-QAM [7] Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) Additive means that the sum of the transmitted signal and noise produce the received signal. White means that its two sided power spectral density is flat for all frequencies of interest for radio communication system. The amplitude of the noise is distributed according to a normal or Gaussian distribution. [8] Its information gives a single impairment. Noise pulse shaping and rectangular pulse shaping In digital telecommunications, pulse shaping can be used to change the waveform of transmitted pulses, so the signal bandwidth matches that of the communication channel, reducing distortion and intersymbol interference. In other words its purpose is to make the transmitted signal suit better to the communication channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the transmission. Modulation is often followed by pulse shaping. Rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times to create an up-sampled signal. Rectangular pulse shaping can be a first step or an exploratory step in algorithm development, though it is less realistic than other kinds of pulse shaping. If the transmitter up-samples the modulated signal, then the receiver should down-sample the received signal before demodulating. The integrate and dump operation is one way to down-sample the received signal. [8] Demodulation is often preceded by a filtering or an intergrate and dump-operation. Answers to assignments tasks Task 1 In this assignment you are required to design and implement the process of modulating a random binary data stream using 64-level QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation), transmitting it over an AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) wireless communication channel, and demodulating the received signal using the 64- QAM demodulator. Your system should consist of a baseband modulator, AWGN channel, and a demodulator. The following table indicates some relevant functions from the Matlab Communications Toolbox which may be used in this assignment. The functions for 64-QAM modulator/demodulator can be taken from the Matlab Communications Toolbox, or even implemented by you. Job Function Generate a random binary data stream randint Add white Gaussian noise awgn Create a scatter plot scatterplot Compute the systems BER biterr The length of the binary data stream (i.e., the number of the rows in the column vector) is set to 5000. Task 1.1 Write codes to 1) Display the transmitted and received signals in different scatter plots for the following two situations: a) SNR = 40 dB; b) SNR = 14dB; 2) Compute the systems bit error rate (BER) for the two situations. Answer 1.1 1a) The m-file for SNR=40dB x=randint(4998,1); %Random binary data stream of 4998 digits %Bits to symbols mapping xsymbols=bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); y=qammod(xsymbols,64); %Modulation using the 64-QAM yTx=y; %Transmitted signal scatterplot(yTx) grid; title(Transmitted Signal) %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=40dB ynoise=awgn(yTx,40,measured); yRx=ynoise; %Received signal scatterplot(yRx) grid; title(Received Signal, SNR=40dB) zsymbols=qamdemod(yRx,64); %Demodulation using the 64-QAM z=de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); %Symbols to bits mapping z=reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate]=biterr(x,z) Figure 11 Transmitted signal Figure 12 Received signal 1b) The m-file for SNR=14dB x=randint(4998,1); %Random binary data stream of 4998 digits %Bits to symbols mapping xsymbols=bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); y=qammod(xsymbols,64); %Modulation using the 64-QAM yTx=y; %Transmitted signal scatterplot(yTx) grid; title(Transmitted Signal) %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=40dB ynoise=awgn(yTx,14,measured); yRx=ynoise; %Received signal scatterplot(yRx) grid; title(Received Signal, SNR=14dB) zsymbols=qamdemod(yRx,64); %Demodulation using the 64-QAM z=de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); %Symbols to bits mapping z=reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate]=biterr(x,z) Figure 13 Transmitted signal Figure 14 Received signal 2) Computation of the systems bit error rate for the two situations SNR=40dB SNR=14dB Task 1.2 Compare/explain in detail the results obtained in a) and b), and explain clearly how the differences come from. Answer 1.2 In the above code, there is a bit to symbol mapping. A bit cant take values from 0-63 but a group of bits can. The two transmitted signals are identical cause both signals modulated with the same modulation schemes (64-QAM) and transmitted throw the same channel (Additive White Gaussian Noise wireless channel). Received signals have different scatter plot. This happens cause the first received signal was transmitted throw a channel with SNR=40dB and the other one was transmitted throw a channel with SNR=14dB. In the second scatter plot it is obvious that the channel is too noisy in accordance with the first scatter plot which seems that it hasnt got any clue of noise. For example, if a ADSL line has SNR lower than 15dB then several problems occurred like frequent disconnections etc. According to scatter plots the bit error rate and the number of errors for the first signal with SNR=40 was expected to be 0 cause the channel was clear from noise. On the contrary, for the second signal with SNR=14dB bit error rate and number of errors expected to be non zero. Both expectations verified. The ratio of the signal strength to the noise level is called the signal to- noise ratio (SNR), . If the SNR is high (ie. the signal power is much greater than the noise power) few errors will occur. However, as the SNR reduces, the noise may cause symbols to be demodulated incorrectly, and errors will occur. [3] Task 2 Modulation is often followed by pulse shaping, and demodulation is often preceded by a filtering or an integrate-and-dump operation. In this task you are required to investigate the effect of rectangular pulse shaping by using it at the transmitter side after the 64-QAM modulation and also the effect of integrate-and-dump operation at the receiver side. Rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times to create an upsampled signal. If the transmitter upsamples the modulated signal, then the receiver should downsample the received signal before demodulation. The integrate-and-dump operation is one way to downsample the received signal. The following table indicates the additional relevant functions from the Matlab Communications Toolbox which may be used in this assignment. Job Function Rectangular pulse shaping rectpulse Intergrate-and-dump downsampling Intdump Task 2.1 Write codes to 1) Display the received signals in scatter plots when a) SNR = 40 dB; b) SNR = 14dB; 2) Compute the systems bit error rate (BER) for the two situations. Answer 2.1 1a) The m-file for SNR=40dB %Random binary data stream of 5004 digits x = randint(5004,1); %Bit to Symbol Mapping xsymbols = bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); %Modulation using the 64-QAM. y = qammod(xsymbols,64); %Pulse shaping, 3 samples per symbol shaped=rectpulse(y,6); %Transmitted Signal yTx = shaped; scatterplot(yTx) title(Transmitted signal) grid; %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=14dB ynoise = awgn(yTx,40,measured); %Received Signal yRx = ynoise ; %Integrate and dump deshaped=intdump(yRx,6); scatterplot(deshaped) title(Received signal,SRN=40dB) grid; %Demodulation using the 64-QAM zsymbols = qamdemod(deshaped,64); %Symbol to bit mapping > to perform the computation of BER z = de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); a = reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate] = biterr(x,a) Figure 15 Received signal,SNR=40dB 1b) The m-file for SNR=14dB %Random binary data stream of 5004 digits x = randint(5004,1); %Bit to Symbol Mapping xsymbols = bi2de(reshape(x,6,length(x)/6).,left-msb); %Modulation using the 64-QAM. y = qammod(xsymbols,64); %Pulse shaping, 3 samples per symbol shaped=rectpulse(y,6); %Transmitted Signal yTx = shaped; scatterplot(yTx) title(Transmitted signal) grid; %Transmission over an Additive White Gaussian Noise channel,SNR=14dB ynoise = awgn(yTx,14,measured); %Received Signal yRx = ynoise ; %Integrate and dump deshaped=intdump(yRx,6); scatterplot(deshaped) title(Received signal,SRN=14dB) grid; %Demodulation using the 64-QAM zsymbols = qamdemod(deshaped,64); %Symbol to bit mapping > to perform the computation of BER z = de2bi(zsymbols,left-msb); a = reshape(z.,prod(size(z)),1); %Computation of Number of Erros and Bit Error Rate [Number_of_errors,Bit_Error_Rate] = biterr(x,a) Figure 16 Received signal,SNR=14dB 2) Computation of the systems bit error rate for the two situations SNR=40dB SNR=14dB Task 2.2 Compare/explain the results with those obtained in Task 1, and explain clearly how the differences come from. Answer 2.2 The difference between Task1 and Task 2 are the rectangular pulse shaping and integrate and dump operation. Rectangular pulse shape upsampling the signal after modulation. It actually applies a square pulse to the signal and repeats each symbol several times (in this case symbols are repeated 6 times). The dump operation is downsampling the signal. It is actually an integral of the signal for a single period. In this case, modulation followed by pulse shaping and demodulation preceded by integrate and dump operation. Since rectangular pulse shaping repeats each output from the modulator a fixed number of times then we expected our signals to be better than those in task1. This expectation came true since BER for SNR=40 dB is 0 and for SNR=14 dB is 0.0038. In the second case when SNR=14 dB it is obvious that BER and number of errors reduced dramatically. The filtering on the transmitter causes intersymbol interference. The filtering at the transmitter and the channel typically cause the received pulse sequence to suffer from interysmbol interference and this appear as an amorphous smeared signal, not quite ready for sampling and detection. When the channel bandwidth is much greater than the pulse bandwidth, the spreading of the pulse will be slight. When the channel bandwidth is close to the signal bandwidth, the spreading will exceed symbol duration and cause signal pulses to overlap. This overlapping is called intersymbol interference. [11] Rectangular pulse shaping was used to minimize distortion and the effect of intersymbol interference. It made the transmitted signal fit better to the communication channel by limiting the effective bandwidth of the transmission. The BER and number of errors improvement succeeded because symbols were sent several times. In this case, filtering made the signal better. Without filtering, signals would have very fast transitions between states and therefore very wide frequency spectra much wider than is needed for the purpose of sending information. [5] Conclusions If the SRN value is high enough, the received signal is almost clear from noise. High SNR value stands for a value close to zero for Bit Error Rate. In the presence of noise and interference, it is necessary to increase signal power to reduce the possibility of errors. The bit error rate (BER) of a system indicates the quality of the link. Filtering is essential for good bandwidth efficiency. High level M-array schemes (such as 64-QAM) are very bandwidth-efficient but more susceptible to noise and require linear amplification. [3]

Approaches to Reading Text with Examples from Jane Austens Emma Essay

This paper presents the two of the four main reading approaches to reading a text. In this paper, Jane Austen’s novel Emma will be used to demonstrate these approaches; providing a detailed description into both reading practice, including reader-centred and author-centred. As it is now widely acknowledged that no text is neutral, these practices are one way of conceptualising changes in the theories and practices of literary study that have occurred during the twentieth century. Each approach is characterised by particular assumptions and values and therefore places greater or lesser emphasis on the interactions that occur between both the author and the reader as we read. To justify these approaches, I have also used defenses. Reader-Centred Approach Since its release in the early years of the nineteenth century, the novel Emma has never ceased to impress and intrigue. While being criticised for its lack of action and development, the novel, I found, provides the reader with a remarkably accurate and surprisingly hilarious portrayal of life in the upper middle class during the Victorian period. With the ability to one minute have me ready to pull out my hair and the next be in hysterics as Jane Austen repeatedly pokes fun at the characters and their unanticipated antics and imperfections, this book is a work of art. Events are miscalculated, actions are misinterpreted and emotions are toiled with, but as with many of Jane’s novels, a neatly tied (even teary) ending is produced and all that should live happily ever after do. In the end, what I had presumed to be both dull and strenuous turned out quite the opposite, and my immense appreciation for the novel, as you will no-doubt discover, clearly dem... ... glossary. Chalkface Press: Cottesloe, Western Australia. * Queensland Studies Authority, (QSA). (2002). English Extension: Reading Approaches, QSA, Queensland. * Ricoeur, Paul (1991). From Text to Action, Essays in hermeneutics 2. Kathleen Blamey and John B Thompson, trans. Northwestern University Press: Evanston, Illinois. * Robina State High School-Senior English Extension (Literature). (draft syllabus, 5.3.2). * Rosenblatt, Louise (1968). Literature as Exploration, revised edition. Nobel and Nobel: New York. * Thomson, J. (1992). Reconstructing Literature Teaching. Australian Association for the Teaching of English. Websites: * (1) Fitzgerald, C. http://www.readinggroupguides.com/guides3/emma2.asp. * (2) Jalic, L, 2000-2004. www.online-literature.com/austen/emma/ * (3) Wilber, A. www.amazon.com

London in “Composed Upon Westminster Bridge” and “London” Essay

William Blake and William Wordsworth were both key figures of the Romantic era. Characterized by its emphasis on passion, emotion and creativity, the Romantic Movement occurred in Europe in the late eighteenth, and early nineteenth centuries. Blake’s â€Å"London†(1794) and Wordsworth’s â€Å"Composed upon Westminster Bridge†(1803) are good examples of poems from the Romantic era, as both poets share a sense of emotional involvement in their works. However, similarities between the two do not extend beyond their common theme: London. Blake’s dark and bitter portrayal of the city contrasts sharply with Wordsworth’s awe-struck account of a sunrise viewed from Westminster Bridge. Contrasts can be found in all aspects of the two poems, and both poets used a variety of techniques to effectively express their very different feelings about the sights and sounds of London. The tone in Blake’s London is one of bitterness and negativity, with him using such words as â€Å"weakness† and â€Å"woe†. The theme of the poem is a wide description of London, but also specifically focuses upon the people and how they live their lives. The human aspect of the poem is introduced early on with â€Å"in every face†. The poet has a very subtle approach at getting his message of corruption across to the reader, but the feeling that is received from the poem is one of a strong nature. London consists of four quatrains (four line alternately rhyming stanzas), with relatively short lines, emphasising the lack of embellishment and emotion in the poem. There is a rigid structure and rhyme scheme throughout the poem. The rhyme scheme is clear (ABAB CDCD EFEF GHGH) and the rhyme itself is strong, rhyming such words as â€Å"curse† and â€Å"hearse† together, thus corresponding with Blake’s harsh views on London life. Blake uses iambic pentameter, except for the third quatrain, where dactylic pentameter is used instead. This gives the poem a strong and steady rhythm as it is read, which helps to emphasise the monotony and duty of the lives Blake describes. The language is relatively easy to understand, and is not archaic, for example â€Å"in every city of every man†. However, some language is used that is not in use in the present day e.g. â€Å"woe†, â€Å"blights† and â€Å"harlot†. The language is surprisingly accessible for a poem that was written over two hundred years ago. Many emotive words are used such as â€Å"cry†, â€Å"fear†, â€Å"blood† and â€Å"plagues†. Use of the word plague would have been particularly strong at the time of writing, as the poem was written only 150 years after the Great Plague itself. Blake uses lots of adjectives e.g. â€Å"youthful Harlot† and â€Å"hapless soldier†, giving a clear picture of what he thinks London is about. The imagery that is used is mainly human, â€Å"hapless soldier’s sigh† for example. When reading the poem, a clear picture is depicted of London without referring directly to London, but instead through the description of people and sounds. Lots of sound imagery is used: â€Å"I hear† is mentioned twice, the word â€Å"cry† is repeated three times and there is a â€Å"soldier’s sigh†. Also, by describing the human situation, Blake leads the reader to infer that London is not a very nice place, because, for example, there are â€Å"youthful harlots†, which demonstrate how innocent youth has been corrupted by the city. This is also evident when it says † every infant’s cry of fear†. The soldier’s sigh, which â€Å"runs on blood down palace walls† is Blake’s way of exposing the guilt and responsibility of the wealthy (palace), ruling classes. Repetition is used a lot: â€Å"every† is used five times, to emphasise the negative situation that Blake is alluding to is widespread and affects everyone. The use of the word â€Å"cry† three times to stress sadness and desperation of the situation. The repetition of lines five to seven ensures that the reader is aware of the seriousness of the situation Blake is describing. The punctuation in the poem is quite simple. Stanzas end with an end – stopped line. Full stops and commas are used widely, but no exclamation marks. Simplistic punctuation and lack of embellishment adds to the cold, realistic portrait of Blake’s London. An elision is an omission of letters to aid rhythm. Blake uses a lot of elisions: † I wander thro’ â€Å", † each chart’d street â€Å". This demonstrates the importance of rigid structure and rhythm to the sense of this poem. In Wordsworth’s Composed Upon Westminster Bridge the tone is positive and there is a sense of awe and respect for the city demonstrated by the use of such words as â€Å"majesty† and â€Å"splendour† in the poem. The general theme of the poem is again of London, but this time focussing on aestheticism, nature and architecture, which can be seen from the view from Westminster Bridge at dawn. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge is a sonnet. The rhyme scheme used is ABBA ABBA DEDEDE. The rhyme is generally clear and regular, although Wordsworth does use para-rhyme in lines two and three: â€Å"Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty† Although the rhyme scheme is regular, Composed Upon Westminster Bridge does not feature any apparent rhythm pattern, and the poem has an almost prose-like quality, which makes the reader think of the natural, flowing, harmonious images Wordsworth is describing. Wordsworth’s language is in places quite old fashioned: â€Å"This city now doth, like a garment ,wear The beauty of the morning† The language is also more elaborate than Blake’s, for example, Blake’s â€Å"Thames does flow†, whereas according to Wordsworth: â€Å"The river glideth at his own sweet will† Wordsworth’s language is also very emotive e.g. â€Å"majesty†, â€Å"splendour† and â€Å"mighty heart†, and he uses a lot of adjectives, e.g. â€Å"smokeless air†, â€Å"bright† and â€Å"glittering†. Wordsworth uses a lot of natural imagery in the poem e.g. â€Å"Earth has not a thing to show more fair†, â€Å"the beauty of the morning†, â€Å"the fields† and â€Å"the sky†. This helps to convey a sense of harmony between the urban and the natural. Further, through personification and pathetic fallacy, Wordsworth is able to give human characteristics to the city, adding to the sense that London is a living organism, a part of the natural environment. Personification is evident in lines four to five: â€Å"This city doth, like a garment, wear The beauty of the morning† In lines nine to ten: â€Å"Never did sun more beautifully steep in his first splendour† In line thirteen † the very houses seem asleep†. In the last line of the poem, Wordsworth speaks of the â€Å"mighty heart† of the city, which further adds to the sense that London is a living organism. Pathetic fallacy can be seen in line twelve, â€Å"The river glideth at his own sweet will†. Wordsworth uses a lot of enjambment: â€Å"Dull would he be of soul who could pass by A sight so touching in its majesty† This lends a smooth, flowing and gentle quality to the poem, and supports the emphasis placed upon nature in the poem. Similes are also used, e.g. the morning is described as being â€Å"like a garment†. In this way, Wordsworth is able to detract from the commonly held idea that London is grim and threatening, and instead promote the idea that the city is friendlier and more harmonised with nature. Wordsworth also uses contrasts to emphasise this harmony: â€Å"Ships, towers, domes , theatres, and temples lie Open unto the fields, and to the sky†. Use of punctuation in this poem is very interesting. Wordsworth only uses one full stop throughout, preferring instead semi-colons and commas, all of which help the poem to run smoothly. The poem also features three exclamation marks, which help to exaggerate the central idea. This effect is amplified by the inclusion of the expression â€Å"Dear God!†. All this helps Wordsworth to express how strongly he feels about London. The differences between these two poems are clear. For example, whereas Blake’s tone is dark and bitter, Wordsworth’s is awe-struck and celebratory. Differences also arise in terms of the theme or central idea of each poem. London deals with the human aspect of the city. It is set at night, and virtually ignores the environment of London. In this way, Blake is able to highlight the effect the city has on its people, and, by leaving the city itself undescribed, emphasises its position as a cold, uncaring place. In contrast, Wordsworth focuses entirely on the aesthetics of London at dawn, and the relationship between the urban environment and nature. By removing the human aspect of the city, Wordsworth can ignore the difficult lives of its people (as described by Blake) and concentrate solely on the physical and natural aspects instead (note the ‘smokeless air’). The two poems are also structured differently, and feature variations in terms of rhythm and rhyme. Composed Upon Westminster Bridge is a sonnet, with a generally clear rhyme scheme and no apparent rhythm pattern. By using a single stanza, and an almost prose-like style, Wordsworth is able to express a flowing, smooth quality, mirroring the free, unrestrained natural aspects he deals with in the poem. London, on the other hand, features four quatrains, and is rigidly structured in terms of rhythm and rhyme. This allows Blake to highlight the monotony of the lives he discusses in the poem, and reflects the sense of duty and lack of free will involved in the struggles faced by the city’s inhabitants (note the inclusion of a ‘soldier’, some one with no control over his own life). Blake’s language is generally simple and easily comprehensible. By avoiding the elaborate language preferred by Wordsworth, Blake emphasises the lack of hope or joy in his city. Wordsworth, in contrast, favours a very convoluted style of language, which adds to the celebratory mood of the poem. In both cases, the poets use language to effectively convey their opinions about London. Also, both poets use a lot of adjectives, which is characteristic of the involved, creative style of the Romantics. Imagery is central to both poems. However, Blake and Wordsworth use different methods to create a detailed picture of London for the reader. Wordsworth chooses to concentrate on natural, familiar images, and through the personification of these natural images, gives London a softer, less threatening identity. Blake chooses to paint a picture of London by describing the sounds which can be heard, and by giving details of the people that live there. Interestingly, Blake is able to give a very comprehensive image of London, without discussing the city directly. In this way, London is portrayed as nothing more then an influence on its people. Blake, unlike Wordsworth, does not see the city as an organism in its own right, and this is emphasised by his use of imagery. Finally, literary devices: both Blake and Wordsworth employ clever use of literary techniques to aid the expression of their feelings towards London. Wordsworth uses enjambment to give Composed Upon Westminster Bridge a flowing, natural feel, and punctuation is used to maximise the celebratory tone (i.e. only one full-stop, use of exclamation marks). Blake uses repetition to emphasise his idea of the monotonous hardship and misery of the people of London. His use of simple, unembellished punctuation helps to further convey this idea, by highlighting the rigidity and restriction which govern the lives of London’s inhabitants. Elisions are frequently employed to aid the rhythm, which demonstrates the importance of a rigid structure to the sense of London, in complete contrast with Composed Upon Westminster Bridge. Although London and Composed Upon Westminster Bridge both deal with the subject of London at a similar time in history, they share very little common ground beyond this. Blake’s grim, desperate city seems a million miles away from Wordsworth’s elaborate celebration of a city at dawn. Although both poets use similar techniques to express their very different feelings about the sights and sounds of London, these techniques, such as imagery and literary devices, give different effects in each poem, depending on how they have been used. These two poems may seem to be very similar, but Blake and Wordsworth have used lots of different methods to demonstrate beyond doubt their very different feelings about the sights and sounds of London.

Definition and Examples of Argumentum Ad Misericordiam

Definition and Examples of Argumentum Ad Misericordiam Ad misericordiam is an argument based on a strong appeal to the emotions. Also known as  argumentum ad misericordiam  or  appeal to pity or misery. When an appeal to sympathy or pity is highly exaggerated or irrelevant to the issue at hand, ​ad misericordiam is regarded as a logical fallacy.  The first mention of  ad misericordiam  as a fallacy was in an article in the  Edinburgh Review  in 1824. Ronald Munson points out that [n]ot all mention of factors which appeal to our sympathies is irrelevant [to an argument], and the trick is to distinguish legitimate appeals from spurious ones (The Way of Words). From the Latin, appeal to pity   Examples and Observations Your Honor, my incarceration is cruel and unusual punishment. First, my prison-issued shower sandals are grossly undersized. Secondly, the prison book club consists mainly of prisoners who club me with books.(Sideshow Bob in Day of the Jackanapes. The Simpsons, 2001)This appeal to our emotions need not be fallacious or faulty. A writer, having argued several points logically, may make an emotional appeal for extra support. . . .When an argument is based solely on the exploitation of the readers pity, however, the issue gets lost. Theres an old joke about a man who murdered his parents and appealed to the court for leniency because he was an orphan. Its funny because it ludicrously illustrates how pity has nothing to do with murder. Lets take a more realistic example. If you were a lawyer whose client was charged with bank embezzlement, you would not get very far basing your defense solely on the fact that the defendant was abused as a child. Yes, you may touch the hearts of the juror s, even move them to pity. Yet that would not exonerate your client. The abuse the defendant suffered as a child, as woeful as it is, has nothing to do with his or her crime as an adult. Any intelligent prosecutor would point out the attempt to manipulate the court with a sob story while distracting it from more important factors such as justice.(Gary Goshgarian, et al., An Argument Rhetoric and Reader. Addison-Wesley, 2003) Germaine Greer on Hillary Clintons Tears Watching Hillary Clinton pretending to get teary-eyed is enough to make me give up shedding tears altogether. The currency, you might say, has become devalued. . .   Hillarys feeble display of emotion, while answering questions from voters in a cafe in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on Monday, is supposed to have done her campaign the world of good. If it has, its because people have wished a tear into her stony reptilian eye, not because there actually was one. What caused her to get all mooshy was her mention of her own love of her country. Patriotism has once more proved a valuable last refuge for a scoundrel. Hillarys clipped diction did not falter; all she had to do was take the steel edge off her voice and our imaginations did the rest. Hillary was human after all. Fear and loathing fled New Hampshire, Hillary scored against the run of play, and all it took was the suspicion of a tear. Or so they say. Can the moral of the story be: when youre up against it, dont fight back, just cry? As if too many women dont already use tears as a power-tool. Over the years Ive had to deal with more than one manipulative student who produced tears instead of w ork; my standard response was to say, Dont you dare cry. Im the one who should be crying. Its my time and effort thats being wasted. Lets hope Hillarys crocodile effort doesnt encourage more women to use tears to get their way.(Germaine Greer, For Crying Out Loud! The Guardian, January  10, 2008) An Argument That Raises a Warning Signal ​​Plenty of evidence has been presented that the ad misericordiam is both a powerful and deceptively misleading tactic of argumentation well worth careful study and evaluation. On the other hand, our treatment also suggests that it is misleading, in various ways, to think of the appeal to pity simply as a fallacious argument move. The problem is not that appeal to pity is inherently irrational or fallacious. The problem is that such an appeal can have such a powerful impact that it easily gets out of hand, carrying a weight of presumption far beyond what the context of dialogue merits and distracting a respondent from more relevant and important considerations.While ad misericordiam arguments are fallacious in some cases, it is better to think of the argumentum ad misericordiam not as a fallacy (at least per se, or even most importantly) but as a kind of argument that automatically raises a warning signal: Look out, you could get in trouble with this kind of argument if you are not very careful!(Douglas N. Walton, The Place of Emotion in Argument. Penn State Press, 1992) The Lighter Side of Ad Misericordiam: The Job Applicant Seated under the oak the next evening I said, Our first fallacy tonight is called Ad Misericordiam.[Polly] quivered with delight.Listen closely, I said. A man applies for a job. When the boss asks him what his qualifications are, he replies that he has a wife and six children at home, the wife is a helpless cripple, the children have nothing to eat, no clothes to wear, no shoes on their feet, there are no beds in the house, no coal in the cellar, and winter is coming.A tear rolled down each of Polly’s pink cheeks. Oh, this is awful, awful, she sobbed.Yes, it’s awful, I agreed, but it’s no argument. The man never answered the boss’s question about his qualifications. Instead he appealed to the boss’s sympathy. He committed the fallacy of Ad Misericordiam. Do you understand?Have you got a handkerchief? she blubbered.I handed her a handkerchief and tried to keep from screaming while she wiped her eyes.(Max Shulman, The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis. Doubl eday, 1951)

The purpose of the experiment Essays

The purpose of the experiment Essays The purpose of the experiment Essay The purpose of the experiment Essay In this experiment is to oxidize ethanol and then to test the product to determine whether it has been oxidized to ethanol or oxidized to ethanoic acid. The request of the experiment During the experiment, you will need to record all your observations clearly in an appropriate format. Record these appropriately in the space below. You should also consider the hazards associated with the materials and techniques used within the experiment and record it. Introduction 2, 4-DNPH (2, 4 dinitrophenylhydrazine) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ a kind of indicator, colorless liquid. CH3CH2OH (ethanol) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½it is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. (http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ethanol/ethanol.html) Required Equation CH3CH2OH +[O] à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ CH3CHO + H2O CH3CH2OH +2[O] à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ CH3COOH + H2O Material 1. Solvent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The distilled water need about 15cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(15ml). 2. Ethanol (CH3CH2OH) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½It is used to influence the solution, which in the dropping funnel. 3. Concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½It could use to be dilute in the pear shaped flask with the distilled water. 4. Dichromate (Na2Cr2O7) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½It could use to be diffluent in the pear shaped flask with the ethanol (H2SO4). Experimental equipment 1. Bunsen burnerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ for use to warm the solution in the pear shaped flask. 2. Dropping funnelà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ pour the mixture that have into the dropping funnel in process1. 3. Pear shaped flask 4. Condenserà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ cooling the produce make the gas distillate and collect in the small flask. 5. Linkerà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ for linking the dropping funnel, pear shaped flask and condenser. 6. Stopper 7. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ its about 50ml (50cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½) for collect the produce of reflux. Experimental process 1. Make up a solution containing 5g of sodium dichromate in 5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of water, add 4cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of ethanol and pour the mixture into the dropping funnel. 2. Warm the acid in the pear shaped flask until it is almost boiling and turn off the Bunsen burner. 3. Carefully remove the stopper and put the dropping funnel in position, as shown in the diagram. 4. Add the mixture containing the ethanol at such a rate as to maintain the boiling of the mixture in the pear shaped flask .Collect the distillate and write down all observations in the space below. 5. Carry out the following tests on the distillate and record your observations. And the picture is shows how to setting up the equipment for this experiment was in the top. Safety In this experiment there is some hazard of the chemicals used in the experiment. Hazard in this experiment: 1. Before start the experiment, ensure that all of the glass joints are greased. Keep the experiment is safety. 2. In the step1, make sure the order for put the material. Because used the water to dilute the concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). It can set free a large number of calorific capacities. So in that time is dangerous if you not careful to be scalded. 3. When used the Bunsen burner warm the acid. Make sure dont touch the equipment. Because is hot in that time. Suggest and justify improvement to the hazard in this experiment: 1. Before the experiment. Ensure that all of the glass joints are greased. 2. Remember the order to put the material in to the pear shaped flask. 3. When used the Bunsen burner warm the acid. Keep not very near of it. Observations 1. Make up a solution containing 5g of sodium dichromate in 5cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of water, add 4cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½of ethanol and pour the mixture into the dropping funnel. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the Na2Cr2O7 is orange ,so the solution in this procedure is orange. 2. Warm the acid in the pear shaped flask until it is almost boiling and turn off the Bunsen burner. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the is H2SO4 colourless, so when it has been dilute is also colourless. 3. Carefully remove the stopper and put the dropping funnel in position, as shown in the diagram. 4. Add the mixture containing the ethanol at such a rate as to maintain the boiling of the mixture in the pear shaped flask. Collect the distillate and write down all observations in the space below. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the liquid change the colour to the dark green in this step. And there is a kind of smell comes out, it seems like the pear. 5. Carry out the following tests on the distillate and record your observations. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the product which been collected is colourless liquid. Used the material, which have been collect in this reaction. 1. Test for the presence of a carbonyl group to find out whether ethanal had been formed. -Put 5 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of 2-4,initrophenylhydrazine in a test tube and cautiously adds 5 drops of the distillate. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½In the text tube the solution is change the colour from the colourless to the yellow and there is also has the yellow precipitate has been product in the same time. 2. Text for the presence of an acid group to find out whether ethanoic acid had been formed. -Put 2 drops of the distillate in a test tube and used the PH paper to test. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½the PH paper is change the normal color yellow not very much ,because it is only change a bit dark of the colour ,is likely a kind of dark yellow. And then check the PH value is about 4 or 5. Conclusion Use the results to decide whether an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid has been formed during this experiment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½in this experiment the most has been formed is the aldehyde and also has a little carboxylic acid. References Ethanol Ethanol is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic, agreeable odor. In dilute aqueous solution, it has a somewhat sweet flavor, but in more concentrated solutions it has a burning taste. Ethanol, CH3CH2OH, is an alcohol, a group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydroxyl group, -OH, bonded to a carbon atom. The word alcohol derives from Arabic al-kuhul, which denotes a fine powder of antimony produced by distilling antimony and used as an eye makeup. Alcohol originally referred to any fine powder, but medieval alchemists later applied the term to the refined products of distillation, and this led to the current usage. Ethanol melts at -114.1à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, boils at 78.5à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, and has a density of 0.789 g/ml at 20à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C. Its low freezing point has made it useful as the fluid in thermometers for temperatures below -40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C, the freezing point of mercury, and for other low-temperature purposes, such as for antifreeze in automobile radiators

Parallel DC circuits Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Parallel DC circuits - Lab Report Example Hence, NI Multisim is an essential software that enables the user to observe the operation through simulation without performing that operation. Simulation software is play an important role in understanding how circuits operate in electronics. Electronic simulation software applies mathematical models to show the behaviour of an actual electric circuit. Electronics simulators include Circuitlogix, electronic work bench, NI Multisim among others. By simulating a circuit’s behaviour and response before building it, greatly improves efficiency and provides insights and relevant information concerning the behaviour and stability of electronics circuit designs. In many electrical circuits, it is important to determine the rate at which electrical energy is transferred into other forms of energy. To calculate power P for electrical appliances, we find the product of the current (A) through it and the Potential difference (V) across it. Thus, For resistors in series, the same current flows each of the resistors whereas the total sum of the voltage across each resistor equals to the total voltage applied. Therefore, the combined resistance is given by To study various waveforms on the DSO, the 3MHz Function Generator (TG300 Series) was connected to CH1 of DSO (Tektronix) using BNC leads. A sine wave of 1 kHz frequency and a root mean square voltage of 1.4145V was displayed on the screen. The period of the sine wave was determined using equation 1 in the introduction. Furthermore, the peak to peak voltage of a sine wave was measured and recorded as required. The waveforms and its FFT graphs were then printed out using the PC communication software. Similarly, a square wave with parameters 2 kHz frequency and 2Vpeak was shown on the screen. The period of the waveforms and the peak-to-peak voltages were determined. The FFT graphs were printed out as required. The above procedure was repeated for 1.5 kHz, 2Vpeak

Trouble-shooting for social media Research Paper

Trouble-shooting for social media - Research Paper Example This will enable the Social media director to deliberate on object course of action in case something goes wrong. The hashtag was used for about two hours after when they realized that it was leading to negative publicity. Unfortunately, McDonalds Social media director, Rick Won pulled off the hashtag and admitted that it had failed in achieving the intended purpose. Instead of pulling down the tweets, they could have used them from a public relations point of view to turn the negative publicity into positive publicity. Policies should be put in place to deal with the negativity instead of pulling down the negative feedback. This can involve responding to individual customers who left negative feedback and engage them on the services and products offered by the business. At the end, many of such customers end up becoming loyal customers, pin down their initial negative feedback and instead post positive feedback. McDonald failed to track what their customers were posting on other social media sites. Even after the hashtag was removed, the public continued to outburst with a lot of unintended stories in Facebook and Instagram. Failure to monitor such action led to continued negative publicity despite pulling down the hashtag on twitter. McDonald should put in place a social mention tracking tool which monitor what customers are saying about their brand on other social sites. They will enable them respond to emergency situations before significant damage is